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The Effects of Lemon Essential Oil Inhalation on Attention in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

2026년 5월 8일 업데이트: Başakşehir Çam & Sakura City Hospital

Lemon Essential Oil Inhalation Improves Sustained Attention in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Trial

This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate the acute effects of lemon essential oil inhalation on sustained attention and visual memory in children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Fifty-two medication-naive children aged 9-16 were randomized to receive either lemon oil or placebo inhalation before cognitive assessments. Primary outcome was sustained attention performance. The study found significant improvements in attention scores in the lemon oil group.

연구 개요

상태

완전한

정황

개입 / 치료

상세 설명

This randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind clinical trial investigates the acute effects of lemon essential oil (LEO) inhalation on sustained attention and visual memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Essential oils, particularly those rich in monoterpenes such as limonene, have demonstrated neuroactive properties through cholinergic modulation and limbic-prefrontal engagement via the olfactory pathway.

Fifty-two children aged 9-16 years, newly diagnosed with ADHD and not receiving any pharmacological treatment, were randomized to either the LEO group or the placebo group. Participants in the LEO group inhaled 5 drops of 100% pure Citrus limon essential oil via a cotton pad for five minutes prior to cognitive testing. The placebo group received an identical application with odorless distilled water.

Cognitive performance was assessed at baseline and 30 days later using the D2 Attention Test (primary outcome) and the Benton Visual Memory Test (secondary outcome). The entire intervention was conducted under standardized conditions, with blinded outcome assessment and strict adherence to procedural fidelity.

This study is the first to evaluate the short-term cognitive effects of lemon essential oil inhalation in children with clinical ADHD and aims to provide evidence for potential non-pharmacological support strategies.

연구 유형

중재적

등록 (실제)

52

단계

  • 해당 없음

연락처 및 위치

이 섹션에서는 연구를 수행하는 사람들의 연락처 정보와 이 연구가 수행되는 장소에 대한 정보를 제공합니다.

연구 장소

  • 터키 (Türkiye)
      • Istanbul, 터키 (Türkiye)
        • Basaksehir Çam Ve Sakura City Hospital

참여기준

연구원은 적격성 기준이라는 특정 설명에 맞는 사람을 찾습니다. 이러한 기준의 몇 가지 예는 개인의 일반적인 건강 상태 또는 이전 치료입니다.

자격 기준

공부할 수 있는 나이

  • 어린이

건강한 자원 봉사자를 받아들입니다

예

설명

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Children aged 9 to 16 years
  • Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on DSM-5 criteria
  • Medication-naive (not currently using or previously treated with pharmacological agents for ADHD)
  • No chronic medical or psychiatric comorbidities
  • Capable of completing standardized cognitive assessments (e.g., D2 Attention Test, Benton Visual Memory Test)
  • Written informed consent obtained from a parent or legal guardian
  • Written assent obtained from the child

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Lack of written parental consent or child assent
  • Inability to comply with the study protocol (e.g., refusal to complete cognitive testing or intervention procedure)
  • Current or prior use of ADHD medication
  • Presence of moderate-to-severe ADHD symptoms requiring immediate pharmacological treatment (based on AACAP 2020 and NICE 2019 guidelines)
  • Presence of any chronic medical or psychiatric comorbid condition
  • Diagnosis not confirmed by a board-certified child and adolescent psychiatrist

공부 계획

이 섹션에서는 연구 설계 방법과 연구가 측정하는 내용을 포함하여 연구 계획에 대한 세부 정보를 제공합니다.

연구는 어떻게 설계됩니까?

디자인 세부사항

  • 주 목적: 지지 요법
  • 할당: 무작위
  • 중재 모델: 병렬 할당
  • 마스킹: 하나의

무기와 개입

참가자 그룹 / 팔
개입 / 치료
실험적: Lemon Essential Oil Inhalation (LEO)
Participants in this arm received a single-session inhalation of 100% pure lemon essential oil (Citrus limon) via a sterile cotton pad. Five drops of essential oil were applied to the pad, which was held approximately 5 cm from the participant's nose. The child inhaled the scent for 5 minutes under supervision in a clinical setting. Neuropsychological testing (D2 Attention Test and Benton Visual Memory Test) followed immediately after inhalation.
다른: Lemon Essential Oil Inhalation
This intervention consists of a single-session, short-term olfactory exposure to 100% pure lemon essential oil (Citrus limon, ISO 9235 compliant, GC-MS confirmed composition: limonene 67.2%, β-pinene 12.3%, γ-terpinene 9.8%). Five drops were applied to a sterile cotton pad and held approximately 5 cm from the participant's nose. Participants inhaled the aroma for 5 minutes under direct supervision in a quiet, odor-free clinical setting. This intervention was administered immediately prior to standardized neuropsychological assessments measuring attention and visual memory. No ingestion or topical application occurred.
다른 이름들:
  • Citrus limon aroma
  • LEO
위약 비교기: Placebo Inhalation (Distilled Water)
Participants in this arm received a single-session inhalation of distilled water as placebo. Five drops of distilled water were applied to a sterile cotton pad, which was held approximately 5 cm from the participant's nose. The child inhaled the scentless solution for 5 minutes under supervision. Neuropsychological testing (D2 Attention Test and Benton Visual Memory Test) followed immediately after inhalation.
다른: placebo inhalation
The placebo condition involved the same protocol as the intervention group, using five drops of distilled water applied to a sterile cotton pad. The pad was held approximately 5 cm from the participant's nose, and inhalation lasted for 5 minutes. The procedure was designed to mimic the intervention without olfactory stimulation, ensuring consistency in timing, setting, and administration method.

연구는 무엇을 측정합니까?

주요 결과 측정

결과 측정
측정값 설명
기간
Change in D2 Attention Test Total Performance Score (TN-E)
기간: Baseline and Day 30 (after intervention)
The D2 Attention Test evaluates sustained attention and concentration performance. The TN-E (Total Number of Correct Items minus Errors) score reflects attentional capacity. A higher post-intervention TN-E score indicates improved attention. The difference between baseline and Day 30 scores will be compared between the lemon essential oil group and placebo group.
Baseline and Day 30 (after intervention)

2차 결과 측정

결과 측정
측정값 설명
기간
Change in Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) Score
기간: Baseline and Day 30 (after intervention)
The Benton Visual Retention Test assesses visual memory and visuospatial construction skills. Scores range based on correct reproductions of geometric figures. The change in BVRT scores from baseline to Day 30 will be analyzed to assess the impact of lemon essential oil inhalation versus placebo.
Baseline and Day 30 (after intervention)

공동 작업자 및 조사자

여기에서 이 연구와 관련된 사람과 조직을 찾을 수 있습니다.

스폰서

Başakşehir Çam & Sakura City Hospital

연구 기록 날짜

이 날짜는 ClinicalTrials.gov에 대한 연구 기록 및 요약 결과 제출의 진행 상황을 추적합니다. 연구 기록 및 보고된 결과는 공개 웹사이트에 게시되기 전에 특정 품질 관리 기준을 충족하는지 확인하기 위해 국립 의학 도서관(NLM)에서 검토합니다.

연구 주요 날짜

연구 시작 (실제)

2022년 2월 15일

기본 완료 (실제)

2023년 9월 30일

연구 완료 (실제)

2023년 9월 30일

연구 등록 날짜

최초 제출

2025년 12월 24일

QC 기준을 충족하는 최초 제출

2026년 5월 8일

처음 게시됨 (실제)

2026년 5월 14일

연구 기록 업데이트

마지막 업데이트 게시됨 (실제)

2026년 5월 14일

QC 기준을 충족하는 마지막 업데이트 제출

2026년 5월 8일

마지막으로 확인됨

2025년 12월 1일

추가 정보

이 연구와 관련된 용어

키워드

추가 관련 MeSH 약관

기타 연구 ID 번호

  • 10.06.2021-21

개별 참가자 데이터(IPD) 계획

개별 참가자 데이터(IPD)를 공유할 계획입니까?

아니요

IPD 계획 설명

Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared for this study due to ethical considerations, privacy protection regulations involving minors, and the absence of prior consent for data sharing beyond the scope of this trial. Additionally, the study was conducted with a small sample size from a single center, limiting the generalizability and reuse of anonymized data for broader analysis.

약물 및 장치 정보, 연구 문서

미국 FDA 규제 의약품 연구

아니

미국 FDA 규제 기기 제품 연구

아니

이 정보는 변경 없이 clinicaltrials.gov 웹사이트에서 직접 가져온 것입니다. 귀하의 연구 세부 정보를 변경, 제거 또는 업데이트하도록 요청하는 경우 register@clinicaltrials.gov. 문의하십시오. 변경 사항이 clinicaltrials.gov에 구현되는 즉시 저희 웹사이트에도 자동으로 업데이트됩니다. .

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