Energy Cost and Metabolic Intensity of Pilates Exercises in Older Adults
Energetic Cost and Metabolic Intensity of Pilates Exercises in Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Study
Pilates is one of the most popular forms of exercise among older adults worldwide. However, no study has measured how many calories a Pilates session burns or how hard the body works during it in people aged 60 and over. This information is important for exercise professionals who prescribe Pilates for health promotion goals such as weight management and cardiovascular fitness.
This study will measure the energy cost and metabolic intensity of two types of Pilates - mat Pilates and equipment-based Pilates - in older adults using a portable indirect calorimetry system (Cosmed K5). Results will be compared to treadmill walking at 4.8 km/h, a well-established moderate-intensity activity.
Twenty men and women aged 60 years or older with at least 6 months of continuous Pilates experience will complete three exercise sessions in a randomized order: (1) mat Pilates, (2) equipment-based Pilates, and (3) treadmill walking. Each Pilates session will consist of 9 exercises, with stretching exercises used as warm-up and cool-down and 7 strengthening exercises performed in the main portion of the session (~50 min). Oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, heart rate, and perceived exertion will be measured throughout each session.
연구 개요
상세 설명
This is a randomized crossover acute intervention trial conducted at the Human Movement Biodynamics Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil.
Twenty older adults (men and women; aged ≥ 60 years) with at least 6 months of uninterrupted Pilates practice will be recruited. Participants will complete three experimental sessions in a randomized order (randomization.com): (1) mat Pilates, (2) equipment-based Pilates, and (3) treadmill walking at 4.8 km/h. A minimum washout of 48 hours will be observed between sessions.
Before experimental sessions, participants will undergo anthropometric assessment, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Lunar Prodigy Advance), and a maximal graded treadmill test (modified Balke protocol) to determine peak VO2. Familiarization sessions will be held one week prior to data collection.
Each Pilates session will include 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises as the main portion of the session (~50 min), and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Strengthening exercises will be performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals. Mat Pilates will use body weight and accessories (Swiss ball, elastic bands, foam roller, magic circle). Equipment-based Pilates will use Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel and Step Chair. The treadmill walking session will consist of 50 minutes at 4.8 km/h (1% incline), preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cool-down (warm-up and cool-down periods excluded from analysis).
Energy cost and metabolic intensity will be measured using the Cosmed K5 portable indirect calorimetry system (breath-by-breath). Resting metabolic rate will be estimated from the final 5 minutes of a 20-minute supine rest period before each session. Metabolic intensity will be expressed in METs using the older adult reference value (1 MET₆₀ = 2.7 mL/kg/min). Rating of perceived exertion (Borg CR-10) will be assessed after each exercise set (Pilates) or every 5 minutes (walking); session RPE will be recorded 30 minutes after session completion.
All sessions will be held between 9:00-10:00 AM in a temperature-controlled room (22°C; 40-60% relative humidity). Participants will receive a standardized pre-exercise meal (28 g carbohydrate, 12 g protein, 1.2 g fat; 174 kcal) 30 minutes before each session, following an 8-hour overnight fast.
Statistical analysis: Data normality will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive statistics will be expressed as mean ± SD. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (protocol × time) will be used to compare conditions across time points. Mauchly's test will assess sphericity; Greenhouse-Geisser correction will be applied if violated. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons will use Bonferroni correction. Effect sizes will be reported as partial eta-squared (η²p). Cohen's d will be calculated for pairwise comparisons. Significance level: p < 0.05. Analyses will be performed using SPSS 25.0.
연구 유형
등록 (추정된)
단계
- 해당 없음
연락처 및 위치
연구 연락처
- 이름: Raphael G de Oliveira, PhD
- 전화번호: +55 (43) 3511-2628
- 이메일: rgoliveira@uenp.edu.br
연구 연락처 백업
- 이름: Laís C de Oliveira, PhD
- 전화번호: +55 (43) 3511-2628
- 이메일: oliveiralc@uenp.edu.br
연구 장소
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Paraná
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Jacarezinho, Paraná, 브라질, 86400-000
- 모병
- Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná
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연락하다:
- Raphael G de Oliveira, PhD
- 전화번호: +55 (43) 3511-2628
- 이메일: rgoliveira@uenp.edu.br
-
연락하다:
- Laís C de Oliveira, PhD
- 전화번호: +55 (43) 3511-2628
- 이메일: oliveiralc@uenp.edu.br
-
부수사관:
- Matheus R Quaglio, MSC
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참여기준
자격 기준
공부할 수 있는 나이
- 성인
- 고령자
건강한 자원 봉사자를 받아들입니다
설명
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age 60 years or older;
- Body mass index (BMI) between 22 and 27 kg/m²;
- Not currently undergoing dietary treatment or program for weight gain or loss;
- No severe musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis grade III or IV, moderate-to-severe pain ≥ 4 on the NRS 0-10 scale) or neurological conditions (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis);
- Continuously practicing Pilates for at least 6 months prior to enrollment, with a minimum frequency of twice per week.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Chronic decompensated conditions that may pose health risks during exercise (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, bronchitis, asthma);
- Any history of cardiovascular events (e.g., coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular heart disease);
- Decompensated metabolic diseases or use of medications with recognized direct impact on energy and glycemic metabolism, including antidiabetics and systemic corticosteroids;
- Positive response to any item on the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q).
공부 계획
연구는 어떻게 설계됩니까?
디자인 세부사항
- 주 목적: 방지
- 할당: 무작위
- 중재 모델: 크로스오버 할당
- 마스킹: 없음(오픈 라벨)
무기와 개입
참가자 그룹 / 팔 |
개입 / 치료 |
|---|---|
|
실험적: Mat Pilates
Participants will perform a mat Pilates session consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises, and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down.
Strengthening exercises will be performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals (~50 min).
Exercises will use body weight and accessories (Swiss ball, elastic bands, foam roller, and magic circle).
Warm-up and cool-down periods will be excluded from analysis.
|
A single session of mat Pilates consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises (~50 min, 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals), and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down.
Exercises are performed using body weight and accessories (Swiss ball, elastic bands, foam roller, and magic circle).
|
|
실험적: Equipment-Based Pilates
Participants will perform an equipment-based Pilates session consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises, and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down.
Strengthening exercises will be performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals (~50 min).
Exercises will be performed using Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel, and Step Chair.
Warm-up and cool-down periods will be excluded from analysis.
|
A single session of equipment-based Pilates consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises (~50 min, 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals), and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down.
Exercises are performed using Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel, and Step Chair.
|
|
활성 비교기: Treadmill Walking
Participants will perform 50 minutes of treadmill walking at 4.8 km/h with 1% incline, preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cool-down at 3.0 km/h.
Warm-up and cool-down periods will be excluded from analysis.
|
A single session of treadmill walking consisting of 50 minutes at 4.8 km/h (1% incline), preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cool-down at 3.0 km/h.
|
연구는 무엇을 측정합니까?
주요 결과 측정
결과 측정 |
측정값 설명 |
기간 |
|---|---|---|
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Metabolic Intensity
기간: At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
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Metabolic intensity will be assessed as metabolic equivalents (METs) measured by portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K5, breath-by-breath) during each exercise session.
METs will be calculated using the older adult reference value (1 MET₆₀ = 2.7 mL/kg/min).
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At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
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Energy Expenditure
기간: At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
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Total energy expenditure (kcal) will be measured by portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K5, breath-by-breath) during each exercise session.
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At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
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2차 결과 측정
결과 측정 |
측정값 설명 |
기간 |
|---|---|---|
|
Oxygen Consumption
기간: At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
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Oxygen consumption (VO₂, mL/kg/min) will be measured by portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K5, breath-by-breath) during each exercise session.
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At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
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Heart Rate
기간: At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
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Heart rate (bpm) will be continuously monitored throughout each exercise session using a Garmin wearable chest strap monitor synchronized with the Cosmed K5 system.
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At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
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Rating of Perceived Exertion
기간: During each exercise session and 30 minutes after session completion
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Perceived exertion will be assessed using the Borg CR-10 scale after each exercise set (Pilates sessions) or every 5 minutes (treadmill walking).
Session RPE will be recorded 30 minutes after session completion.
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During each exercise session and 30 minutes after session completion
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공동 작업자 및 조사자
수사관
- 연구 의자: Matheus R Quaglio, MSC, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná
연구 기록 날짜
연구 주요 날짜
연구 시작 (추정된)
기본 완료 (추정된)
연구 완료 (추정된)
연구 등록 날짜
최초 제출
QC 기준을 충족하는 최초 제출
처음 게시됨 (실제)
연구 기록 업데이트
마지막 업데이트 게시됨 (실제)
QC 기준을 충족하는 마지막 업데이트 제출
마지막으로 확인됨
추가 정보
이 연구와 관련된 용어
기타 연구 ID 번호
- CEP_7.934.239
개별 참가자 데이터(IPD) 계획
개별 참가자 데이터(IPD)를 공유할 계획입니까?
IPD 계획 설명
약물 및 장치 정보, 연구 문서
미국 FDA 규제 의약품 연구
미국 FDA 규제 기기 제품 연구
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