Energy Cost and Metabolic Intensity of Pilates Exercises in Older Adults

Energetic Cost and Metabolic Intensity of Pilates Exercises in Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Study

Pilates is one of the most popular forms of exercise among older adults worldwide. However, no study has measured how many calories a Pilates session burns or how hard the body works during it in people aged 60 and over. This information is important for exercise professionals who prescribe Pilates for health promotion goals such as weight management and cardiovascular fitness.

This study will measure the energy cost and metabolic intensity of two types of Pilates - mat Pilates and equipment-based Pilates - in older adults using a portable indirect calorimetry system (Cosmed K5). Results will be compared to treadmill walking at 4.8 km/h, a well-established moderate-intensity activity.

Twenty men and women aged 60 years or older with at least 6 months of continuous Pilates experience will complete three exercise sessions in a randomized order: (1) mat Pilates, (2) equipment-based Pilates, and (3) treadmill walking. Each Pilates session will consist of 9 exercises, with stretching exercises used as warm-up and cool-down and 7 strengthening exercises performed in the main portion of the session (~50 min). Oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, heart rate, and perceived exertion will be measured throughout each session.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Exercise; Aging; Energy Metabolism
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Mat Pilates; Behavioral: Equipment-Based Pilates; Behavioral: Treadmill Walking

Detailed Description

This is a randomized crossover acute intervention trial conducted at the Human Movement Biodynamics Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil.

Twenty older adults (men and women; aged ≥ 60 years) with at least 6 months of uninterrupted Pilates practice will be recruited. Participants will complete three experimental sessions in a randomized order (randomization.com): (1) mat Pilates, (2) equipment-based Pilates, and (3) treadmill walking at 4.8 km/h. A minimum washout of 48 hours will be observed between sessions.

Before experimental sessions, participants will undergo anthropometric assessment, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Lunar Prodigy Advance), and a maximal graded treadmill test (modified Balke protocol) to determine peak VO2. Familiarization sessions will be held one week prior to data collection.

Each Pilates session will include 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises as the main portion of the session (~50 min), and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Strengthening exercises will be performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals. Mat Pilates will use body weight and accessories (Swiss ball, elastic bands, foam roller, magic circle). Equipment-based Pilates will use Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel and Step Chair. The treadmill walking session will consist of 50 minutes at 4.8 km/h (1% incline), preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cool-down (warm-up and cool-down periods excluded from analysis).

Energy cost and metabolic intensity will be measured using the Cosmed K5 portable indirect calorimetry system (breath-by-breath). Resting metabolic rate will be estimated from the final 5 minutes of a 20-minute supine rest period before each session. Metabolic intensity will be expressed in METs using the older adult reference value (1 MET₆₀ = 2.7 mL/kg/min). Rating of perceived exertion (Borg CR-10) will be assessed after each exercise set (Pilates) or every 5 minutes (walking); session RPE will be recorded 30 minutes after session completion.

All sessions will be held between 9:00-10:00 AM in a temperature-controlled room (22°C; 40-60% relative humidity). Participants will receive a standardized pre-exercise meal (28 g carbohydrate, 12 g protein, 1.2 g fat; 174 kcal) 30 minutes before each session, following an 8-hour overnight fast.

Statistical analysis: Data normality will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive statistics will be expressed as mean ± SD. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (protocol × time) will be used to compare conditions across time points. Mauchly's test will assess sphericity; Greenhouse-Geisser correction will be applied if violated. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons will use Bonferroni correction. Effect sizes will be reported as partial eta-squared (η²p). Cohen's d will be calculated for pairwise comparisons. Significance level: p < 0.05. Analyses will be performed using SPSS 25.0.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 20
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Raphael G de Oliveira, PhD; Phone Number: +55 (43) 3511-2628; Email: rgoliveira@uenp.edu.br
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Laís C de Oliveira, PhD; Phone Number: +55 (43) 3511-2628; Email: oliveiralc@uenp.edu.br

Study Locations

• Brazil
  • Paraná
    • Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil, 86400-000
      • Recruiting
      • Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná
      • Contact: Raphael G de Oliveira, PhD; Phone Number: +55 (43) 3511-2628; Email: rgoliveira@uenp.edu.br
      • Contact: Laís C de Oliveira, PhD; Phone Number: +55 (43) 3511-2628; Email: oliveiralc@uenp.edu.br
      • Sub-Investigator: Matheus R Quaglio, MSC

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 60 years or older;
• Body mass index (BMI) between 22 and 27 kg/m²;
• Not currently undergoing dietary treatment or program for weight gain or loss;
• No severe musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis grade III or IV, moderate-to-severe pain ≥ 4 on the NRS 0-10 scale) or neurological conditions (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis);
• Continuously practicing Pilates for at least 6 months prior to enrollment, with a minimum frequency of twice per week.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Chronic decompensated conditions that may pose health risks during exercise (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, bronchitis, asthma);
• Any history of cardiovascular events (e.g., coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular heart disease);
• Decompensated metabolic diseases or use of medications with recognized direct impact on energy and glycemic metabolism, including antidiabetics and systemic corticosteroids;
• Positive response to any item on the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q).

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Mat Pilates; Participants will perform a mat Pilates session consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises, and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Strengthening exercises will be performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals (~50 min). Exercises will use body weight and accessories (Swiss ball, elastic bands, foam roller, and magic circle). Warm-up and cool-down periods will be excluded from analysis.	Behavioral: Mat Pilates; A single session of mat Pilates consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises (~50 min, 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals), and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Exercises are performed using body weight and accessories (Swiss ball, elastic bands, foam roller, and magic circle).
Experimental: Equipment-Based Pilates; Participants will perform an equipment-based Pilates session consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises, and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Strengthening exercises will be performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals (~50 min). Exercises will be performed using Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel, and Step Chair. Warm-up and cool-down periods will be excluded from analysis.	Behavioral: Equipment-Based Pilates; A single session of equipment-based Pilates consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises (~50 min, 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals), and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Exercises are performed using Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel, and Step Chair.
Active Comparator: Treadmill Walking; Participants will perform 50 minutes of treadmill walking at 4.8 km/h with 1% incline, preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cool-down at 3.0 km/h. Warm-up and cool-down periods will be excluded from analysis.	Behavioral: Treadmill Walking; A single session of treadmill walking consisting of 50 minutes at 4.8 km/h (1% incline), preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cool-down at 3.0 km/h.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Metabolic Intensity	Metabolic intensity will be assessed as metabolic equivalents (METs) measured by portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K5, breath-by-breath) during each exercise session. METs will be calculated using the older adult reference value (1 MET₆₀ = 2.7 mL/kg/min).	At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Energy Expenditure	Total energy expenditure (kcal) will be measured by portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K5, breath-by-breath) during each exercise session.	At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Oxygen Consumption	Oxygen consumption (VO₂, mL/kg/min) will be measured by portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K5, breath-by-breath) during each exercise session.	At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Heart Rate	Heart rate (bpm) will be continuously monitored throughout each exercise session using a Garmin wearable chest strap monitor synchronized with the Cosmed K5 system.	At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Rating of Perceived Exertion	Perceived exertion will be assessed using the Borg CR-10 scale after each exercise set (Pilates sessions) or every 5 minutes (treadmill walking). Session RPE will be recorded 30 minutes after session completion.	During each exercise session and 30 minutes after session completion

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Universidade Estadual do Norte do Parana
• Investigators: Study Chair: Matheus R Quaglio, MSC, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): June 1, 2026
• Primary Completion (Estimated): December 1, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 1, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 27, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 27, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): June 2, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 2, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 27, 2026
• Last Verified: May 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Energy expenditure; Older adults; Pilates; Treadmill walking; Indirect calorimetry; Crossover study; Exercise intensity; Metabolic equivalents
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavior; Motor Activity
• Other Study ID Numbers: CEP_7.934.239

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Individual participant data will not be shared. The Ethics Committee of Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná did not authorize the sharing of individual participant data.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No