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Energy Cost and Metabolic Intensity of Pilates Exercises in Older Adults

27 mei 2026 bijgewerkt door: Raphael Goncalves de Oliveira, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Parana

Energetic Cost and Metabolic Intensity of Pilates Exercises in Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Study

Pilates is one of the most popular forms of exercise among older adults worldwide. However, no study has measured how many calories a Pilates session burns or how hard the body works during it in people aged 60 and over. This information is important for exercise professionals who prescribe Pilates for health promotion goals such as weight management and cardiovascular fitness.

This study will measure the energy cost and metabolic intensity of two types of Pilates - mat Pilates and equipment-based Pilates - in older adults using a portable indirect calorimetry system (Cosmed K5). Results will be compared to treadmill walking at 4.8 km/h, a well-established moderate-intensity activity.

Twenty men and women aged 60 years or older with at least 6 months of continuous Pilates experience will complete three exercise sessions in a randomized order: (1) mat Pilates, (2) equipment-based Pilates, and (3) treadmill walking. Each Pilates session will consist of 9 exercises, with stretching exercises used as warm-up and cool-down and 7 strengthening exercises performed in the main portion of the session (~50 min). Oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, heart rate, and perceived exertion will be measured throughout each session.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Werving

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

This is a randomized crossover acute intervention trial conducted at the Human Movement Biodynamics Laboratory, Center for Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (UENP), Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazil.

Twenty older adults (men and women; aged ≥ 60 years) with at least 6 months of uninterrupted Pilates practice will be recruited. Participants will complete three experimental sessions in a randomized order (randomization.com): (1) mat Pilates, (2) equipment-based Pilates, and (3) treadmill walking at 4.8 km/h. A minimum washout of 48 hours will be observed between sessions.

Before experimental sessions, participants will undergo anthropometric assessment, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Lunar Prodigy Advance), and a maximal graded treadmill test (modified Balke protocol) to determine peak VO2. Familiarization sessions will be held one week prior to data collection.

Each Pilates session will include 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises as the main portion of the session (~50 min), and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Strengthening exercises will be performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals. Mat Pilates will use body weight and accessories (Swiss ball, elastic bands, foam roller, magic circle). Equipment-based Pilates will use Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel and Step Chair. The treadmill walking session will consist of 50 minutes at 4.8 km/h (1% incline), preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cool-down (warm-up and cool-down periods excluded from analysis).

Energy cost and metabolic intensity will be measured using the Cosmed K5 portable indirect calorimetry system (breath-by-breath). Resting metabolic rate will be estimated from the final 5 minutes of a 20-minute supine rest period before each session. Metabolic intensity will be expressed in METs using the older adult reference value (1 MET₆₀ = 2.7 mL/kg/min). Rating of perceived exertion (Borg CR-10) will be assessed after each exercise set (Pilates) or every 5 minutes (walking); session RPE will be recorded 30 minutes after session completion.

All sessions will be held between 9:00-10:00 AM in a temperature-controlled room (22°C; 40-60% relative humidity). Participants will receive a standardized pre-exercise meal (28 g carbohydrate, 12 g protein, 1.2 g fat; 174 kcal) 30 minutes before each session, following an 8-hour overnight fast.

Statistical analysis: Data normality will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive statistics will be expressed as mean ± SD. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (protocol × time) will be used to compare conditions across time points. Mauchly's test will assess sphericity; Greenhouse-Geisser correction will be applied if violated. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons will use Bonferroni correction. Effect sizes will be reported as partial eta-squared (η²p). Cohen's d will be calculated for pairwise comparisons. Significance level: p < 0.05. Analyses will be performed using SPSS 25.0.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Geschat)

20

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studiecontact

Studie Contact Back-up

Studie Locaties

  • Brazilië
    • Paraná
      • Jacarezinho, Paraná, Brazilië, 86400-000
        • Werving
        • Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná
        • Contact:
        • Contact:
        • Onderonderzoeker:
          • Matheus R Quaglio, MSC

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Volwassen
  • Oudere volwassene

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age 60 years or older;
  • Body mass index (BMI) between 22 and 27 kg/m²;
  • Not currently undergoing dietary treatment or program for weight gain or loss;
  • No severe musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis grade III or IV, moderate-to-severe pain ≥ 4 on the NRS 0-10 scale) or neurological conditions (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis);
  • Continuously practicing Pilates for at least 6 months prior to enrollment, with a minimum frequency of twice per week.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Chronic decompensated conditions that may pose health risks during exercise (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, bronchitis, asthma);
  • Any history of cardiovascular events (e.g., coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular heart disease);
  • Decompensated metabolic diseases or use of medications with recognized direct impact on energy and glycemic metabolism, including antidiabetics and systemic corticosteroids;
  • Positive response to any item on the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q).

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Preventie
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Crossover-opdracht
  • Masker: Geen (open label)

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: Mat Pilates
Participants will perform a mat Pilates session consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises, and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Strengthening exercises will be performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals (~50 min). Exercises will use body weight and accessories (Swiss ball, elastic bands, foam roller, and magic circle). Warm-up and cool-down periods will be excluded from analysis.
Gedragsmatig: Mat Pilates
A single session of mat Pilates consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises (~50 min, 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals), and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Exercises are performed using body weight and accessories (Swiss ball, elastic bands, foam roller, and magic circle).
Experimenteel: Equipment-Based Pilates
Participants will perform an equipment-based Pilates session consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises, and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Strengthening exercises will be performed in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals (~50 min). Exercises will be performed using Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel, and Step Chair. Warm-up and cool-down periods will be excluded from analysis.
Gedragsmatig: Equipment-Based Pilates
A single session of equipment-based Pilates consisting of 9 exercises: 1 stretching exercise as warm-up, 7 strengthening exercises (~50 min, 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-minute rest intervals), and 1 stretching exercise as cool-down. Exercises are performed using Reformer, Cadillac, Ladder Barrel, and Step Chair.
Actieve vergelijker: Treadmill Walking
Participants will perform 50 minutes of treadmill walking at 4.8 km/h with 1% incline, preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cool-down at 3.0 km/h. Warm-up and cool-down periods will be excluded from analysis.
Gedragsmatig: Treadmill Walking
A single session of treadmill walking consisting of 50 minutes at 4.8 km/h (1% incline), preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and followed by a 5-minute cool-down at 3.0 km/h.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Metabolic Intensity
Tijdsspanne: At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Metabolic intensity will be assessed as metabolic equivalents (METs) measured by portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K5, breath-by-breath) during each exercise session. METs will be calculated using the older adult reference value (1 MET₆₀ = 2.7 mL/kg/min).
At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Energy Expenditure
Tijdsspanne: At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Total energy expenditure (kcal) will be measured by portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K5, breath-by-breath) during each exercise session.
At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Oxygen Consumption
Tijdsspanne: At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Oxygen consumption (VO₂, mL/kg/min) will be measured by portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed K5, breath-by-breath) during each exercise session.
At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Heart Rate
Tijdsspanne: At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Heart rate (bpm) will be continuously monitored throughout each exercise session using a Garmin wearable chest strap monitor synchronized with the Cosmed K5 system.
At baseline (pre-session), during each 50-minute exercise session, and 30 minutes after session completion.
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Tijdsspanne: During each exercise session and 30 minutes after session completion
Perceived exertion will be assessed using the Borg CR-10 scale after each exercise set (Pilates sessions) or every 5 minutes (treadmill walking). Session RPE will be recorded 30 minutes after session completion.
During each exercise session and 30 minutes after session completion

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Universidade Estadual do Norte do Parana

Onderzoekers

  • Studie stoel: Matheus R Quaglio, MSC, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Geschat)

1 juni 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)

1 december 2026

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

1 december 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

27 mei 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

27 mei 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

2 juni 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

2 juni 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

27 mei 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 mei 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • CEP_7.934.239

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Beschrijving IPD-plan

Individual participant data will not be shared. The Ethics Committee of Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná did not authorize the sharing of individual participant data.

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

Deze informatie is zonder wijzigingen rechtstreeks van de website clinicaltrials.gov gehaald. Als u verzoeken heeft om uw onderzoeksgegevens te wijzigen, te verwijderen of bij te werken, neem dan contact op met register@clinicaltrials.gov. Zodra er een wijziging wordt doorgevoerd op clinicaltrials.gov, wordt deze ook automatisch bijgewerkt op onze website .

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