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Effect of Lemon Juice and Apple Cider Vinegar on Postprandial Blood Glucose and Satiety in Healthy Individuals

26 april 2026 bijgewerkt door: Ezgi Toptaş Biyikli, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University

The Effect of Lemon Juice and Apple Cider Vinegar on Postprandial Blood Glucose and Satiety in Healthy Individuals

This clinical study aims to examine how acidic drinks (lemon juice and apple cider vinegar) affect blood sugar when consumed with a starchy food. The study focuses on healthy individuals and aims to understand whether these drinks can slow the rise in blood sugar after meals and affect feelings of fullness.

The main questions this study aims to answer are:

Do lemon juice or apple cider vinegar lower the rise in blood sugar after a meal? Do these drinks increase feelings of fullness? Do different amounts change their effects?

Researchers will compare lemon juice and apple cider vinegar to see which one is more effective.

Participants will:

Consume white bread in the morning on an empty stomach with one of the following drinks:

Water only Water with lemon juice (50 g or 100 g) Water with apple cider vinegar (10 g or 20 g) Have a one-week break between each test. Have their blood sugar measured at regular intervals for 3 hours after eating. Report their level of fullness using a simple scale.

This study explores whether simple and practical dietary choices can help manage blood sugar levels. The findings may support new, easy-to-apply nutrition strategies for managing diabetes and weight.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Werving

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Glycemic response plays an important role in the prevention and management of metabolic conditions such as diabetes and obesity. Different foods can cause rapid or slow increases in blood sugar levels. One factor that may influence this response is the acidity of foods. Acidic components may slow starch digestion and delay the rise in blood glucose by affecting digestive enzymes and gastric emptying. However, there are limited studies examining how the acidity of meals influences glycemic response in practical, real-life conditions.

This study is designed to investigate the effects of consuming acidic beverages, specifically lemon juice and apple cider vinegar, together with a starch-rich food. The study will compare their effects on post-meal blood glucose levels and feelings of fullness in healthy individuals. Different amounts of these acidic components will also be evaluated to understand dose-related effects.

Participants will consume standardized meals under controlled conditions, and their blood glucose response and satiety levels will be monitored over time. The study follows a comparative approach to assess the relative effectiveness of each intervention.

The findings of this study may help identify simple and practical dietary strategies to support better blood sugar control. As lemon juice and vinegar are widely available and easy to include in daily meals, the results may offer accessible approaches for improving dietary habits and supporting metabolic health.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Geschat)

15

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studiecontact

Studie Locaties

  • Turkije (Türkiye)
    • Antalya
      • Alanya, Antalya, Turkije (Türkiye), 07400
        • Werving
        • Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University
        • Contact:
          • Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University
          • Telefoonnummer: +90 242 +90 242 510 60 60
          • E-mail: alku@alanya.edu.tr

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Volwassen

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Healthy male and female volunteers aged 18-35 years
  • Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.5 and 25.0 kg/m²
  • Willingness to provide written informed consent
  • Ability to comply with study procedures and fasting requirements
  • No history of chronic metabolic, gastrointestinal, or endocrine diseases

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Presence of any chronic disease (e.g., diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disorders)
  • Food allergies or intolerances to study foods (white bread, lemon juice, apple cider vinegar)
  • BMI <18.5 or >25.0 kg/m²
  • Regular participation in high-intensity physical activity (≥5 days/week)
  • Current or recent (past 3 months) smoking or smoking cessation
  • Use of any medication or supplements affecting glucose metabolism
  • History of eating disorders
  • Pregnancy, lactation, or menopause
  • Female participants currently in menstruation period (testing will be postponed during menstruation days)
  • Alcohol consumption within 24 hours prior to testing days
  • Caffeine intake or major dietary changes on the day before testing

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Ander
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Crossover-opdracht
  • Masker: Geen (open label)

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: Control (Water + White Bread)
Participants consume white bread together with plain water only. This arm serves as the control condition to evaluate postprandial blood glucose response without any acidic additive.
Voedingssupplement: Control (Water + White Bread)
Participants will consume 100 g of white bread together with plain water (no acidic additive). This condition serves as the control arm for assessing baseline postprandial glycemic response and satiety. Capillary blood glucose will be measured at baseline and at multiple time points up to 180 minutes following consumption. Satiety and appetite sensations will be assessed using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS).
Experimenteel: Lemon Juice 50 g
Participants consume white bread together with water containing 50 g lemon juice. This arm evaluates the effect of low-dose lemon juice on postprandial blood glucose response and satiety.
Voedingssupplement: Lemon Juice 50 g
Participants will consume 100 g of white bread together with 50 g of lemon juice diluted in water. This intervention is designed to evaluate the effect of a low-dose acidic beverage (citric acid source) on postprandial blood glucose response and satiety. Capillary blood glucose levels will be measured at predefined time points up to 180 minutes, and subjective appetite sensations will be assessed using a 100-mm VAS.
Experimenteel: Lemon Juice 100 g
Participants consume white bread together with water containing 100 g lemon juice. This arm evaluates the dose-dependent effect of lemon juice on postprandial blood glucose response and satiety.
Voedingssupplement: Lemon Juice 100 g
Participants will consume 100 g of white bread together with 100 g of lemon juice diluted in water. This condition evaluates the dose-dependent effect of citric acid intake on postprandial glycemic response, glucose peak, and satiety. Serial capillary blood glucose measurements and VAS-based appetite assessments will be conducted over a 180-minute postprandial period.
Experimenteel: Apple Cider Vinegar 10 g
Participants consume white bread together with water containing 10 g apple cider vinegar. This arm evaluates the effect of low-dose apple cider vinegar on postprandial blood glucose response and satiety.
Voedingssupplement: Apple Cider Vinegar 10 g
Participants will consume 100 g of white bread together with 10 g of apple cider vinegar diluted in water. This intervention aims to assess the effect of a low-dose acetic acid source on postprandial glucose regulation and satiety. Capillary blood glucose will be measured at multiple time points for 180 minutes, and subjective appetite ratings will be recorded using a visual analog scale.
Experimenteel: Apple Cider Vinegar 20 g
Participants consume white bread together with water containing 20 g apple cider vinegar. This arm evaluates the effect of higher-dose apple cider vinegar on postprandial blood glucose response and satiety.
Voedingssupplement: Apple Cider Vinegar 20 g
Participants will consume 100 g of white bread together with 20 g of apple cider vinegar diluted in water. This intervention evaluates the potential dose-response effect of acetic acid on postprandial glycemic control, including glucose peak, incremental glucose response, and satiety perception over a 180-minute period.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Postprandial Blood Glucose (mg/dL)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day (with 1-week washout between interventions)
Capillary blood glucose levels will be measured at baseline (0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after consumption of test meals. Measurements will be performed in duplicate and mean values will be used.
Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day (with 1-week washout between interventions)
Incremental Area Under the Curve (iAUC)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for postprandial blood glucose will be calculated based on capillary glucose measurements over 180 minutes.
Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Total Area Under the Curve (AUC)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Total area under the curve (AUC) for postprandial blood glucose will be calculated using capillary glucose measurements over 180 minutes.
Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Peak Blood Glucose Level (mg/dL)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Peak postprandial blood glucose level will be determined from capillary glucose measurements over the 180-minute period.
Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Subjective Appetite Score (VAS, mm)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Subjective appetite sensations (hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption, and desire for sweet foods) will be assessed using a 100-mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes postprandially.
Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Time to Peak Glucose (minutes)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Time to reach peak postprandial blood glucose will be calculated from capillary glucose measurements.
Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Rate of Glucose Increase (mg/dL/min)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day
Rate of increase in postprandial blood glucose will be calculated based on capillary glucose measurements.
Baseline (0 min) to 180 minutes postprandial on each test day

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University

Publicaties en nuttige links

De persoon die verantwoordelijk is voor het invoeren van informatie over het onderzoek stelt deze publicaties vrijwillig ter beschikking. Dit kan gaan over alles wat met het onderzoek te maken heeft.

Algemene publicaties

Nuttige links

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Geschat)

1 mei 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)

1 juli 2026

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

1 juli 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

21 april 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

26 april 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

4 mei 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

4 mei 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

26 april 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 april 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 10354421-2025/09-10

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

Deze informatie is zonder wijzigingen rechtstreeks van de website clinicaltrials.gov gehaald. Als u verzoeken heeft om uw onderzoeksgegevens te wijzigen, te verwijderen of bij te werken, neem dan contact op met register@clinicaltrials.gov. Zodra er een wijziging wordt doorgevoerd op clinicaltrials.gov, wordt deze ook automatisch bijgewerkt op onze website .

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