Preoperative Fasting and the Gut Microbiome Before Hip Replacement (PreFAST-Hip)
Preoperative Metabolic Optimization: Influence of Intermittent and Buchinger-Type Fasting on the Gut Microbiome, Immune Profile, and Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty - A Randomized Controlled Trial
Postoperative complications occur in 5-15% of patients undergoing elective primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), including periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), thrombosis, wound healing disorders, and metabolic dysregulation. The gut microbiome and the systemic immune profile have both been implicated as modifiable contributors to perioperative complication risk. Preoperative therapeutic fasting has been shown to remodel the gut microbiome, lower proinflammatory cytokines, and improve metabolic parameters.
This single-center, prospective, randomized, two-arm controlled trial at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin investigates whether a structured 20-day preoperative fasting intervention (alternating cycles of the Buchinger Fastenbox and intermittent fasting) modulates two co-primary endpoints - plasma IL-8 (a central proinflammatory marker) and gut microbial alpha-diversity (Shannon index) - compared with standard preoperative care. Secondary endpoints include further immune markers (TNFα, IL-10, T-/B-/NK-cell subsets, activation/exhaustion markers, monocyte HLA-DR), microbiome composition and function, continuous glucose-monitoring and daily metabolic measures, patient-reported outcomes (HOOS, PROMIS-33, infection self-report), and clinical outcomes (postoperative complications per EBJIS criteria, length of stay).
Adults aged 18-75 undergoing elective primary THA are stratified by metabolic status (metabolically healthy vs. metabolically unhealthy according to harmonized metabolic-syndrome criteria) and randomized 1:1 to the fasting intervention versus standard care. Stool and whole-blood samples are collected at baseline (Day -21), and at Day +7 post-operatively for shotgun-metagenomic sequencing and multiparameter flow cytometry, with additional cytokine blood samples at Day -1 and 6 h / 24 h / 72 h post-operatively. Continuous glucose monitoring is performed in all participants from Day -21 until surgery. Planned enrollment is 130 participants.
Studie Overzicht
Toestand
Conditie
Interventie / Behandeling
Gedetailleerde beschrijving
Background. Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and other postoperative complications after THA carry substantial clinical and economic costs. Recent evidence links the gut microbiome and systemic immune homeostasis to perioperative complication risk, and preoperative caloric restriction has been shown to lower proinflammatory cytokines and shift gut microbial composition toward a less inflammatory profile.
Hypotheses. Primary: A structured 20-day preoperative fasting intervention reduces plasma IL-8 and increases gut microbial alpha-diversity (Shannon index) at Day +7 post-operatively compared with standard preoperative care.
Secondary (exploratory): Fasting modulates broader immune (TNFα, IL-10, immune-cell subsets, activation/exhaustion markers, HLA-DR) and microbiome (taxonomic, functional) parameters, improves metabolic indicators captured by continuous glucose monitoring and daily measures, and reduces postoperative complications, patient-reported infection symptoms, and length of stay.
Design. Single-center, prospective, two-arm, parallel-group, randomized, open-label controlled trial. Randomization is stratified by metabolic status (metabolically healthy vs. metabolically unhealthy per harmonized metabolic-syndrome criteria, Alberti et al. 2009). Planned enrollment: n = 130 (65 per arm; balanced across metabolic strata).
Intervention (Fasting arm). Structured 20-day preoperative fasting schedule self-administered at home with study-team supervision:
- Day -20 to Day -16 (5 days): Buchinger Fastenbox - ready-to-use organic vegetable broths, low carbohydrate, designed to facilitate ketogenic metabolic switch.
- Day -15 to Day -11 (5 days): Intermittent fasting (time-restricted feeding).
- Day -10 to Day -6 (5 days): Buchinger Fastenbox (second cycle).
- Day -5 to Day -1 (5 days): Intermittent fasting (second cycle). No fasting is performed post-operatively.
Control arm. Standard preoperative care per institutional protocol; no fasting and no probiotic, prebiotic, or symbiotic supplementation as part of the study.
Specimen collection and assessments.
- Day -21 (baseline / T0): stool + whole-blood sampling for shotgun-metagenomic sequencing, FACS immunophenotyping, and cytokine panel. Start of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM, all participants). Baseline questionnaires: DEGS1 food frequency questionnaire, HOOS, PROMIS-33, and a study-specific infection-baseline questionnaire.
- Day -20 onward (fasting arm only): daily self-monitored urinary or capillary ketones.
- Day -20 to surgery (all participants): daily body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure.
- Day -1 (immediately pre-op): blood sample for cytokine panel.
- 6 h, 24 h, and 72 h post-operatively: blood samples for cytokine panel.
- Day +7 post-operatively: stool + whole-blood sampling for shotgun metagenomics, FACS immunophenotyping, and cytokine panel (primary endpoint readout).
- Weekly to Week 6 post-operatively: study-specific patient-reported infection questionnaire.
- Week 6, Month 3, Month 6 post-operatively: HOOS, PROMIS-33, body weight.
Analyses. Stool: shotgun metagenomic sequencing (Illumina NovaSeq 6000) with bioinformatic processing (Trimmomatic, DIAMOND, QIIME, Centrifuge, MetaPhlAn/HUMAnN, LEfSe). Blood: multiparameter flow cytometry (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16/56, CD19, plus CD28, CD57, HLA-DR, PD-1) and standard inflammatory chemistry (CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα).
Statistics. Two co-primary endpoints (IL-8, alpha-diversity) tested with a fixed-sequence (gatekeeping) procedure: IL-8 first at α=0.05 two-sided; if significant, alpha-diversity is then tested at α=0.05. Linear mixed models or generalized estimating equations are used to model time × group interactions for repeated measures. Microbiome differential abundance: ANCOM/DESeq2 with covariate adjustment (BMI, age, sex). Multiple testing controlled with FDR. Clinical secondary endpoints are analyzed descriptively.
Studietype
Inschrijving (Geschat)
Fase
- Niet toepasbaar
Contacten en locaties
Studiecontact
- Naam: Nele Wagener, Dr. med.
- Telefoonnummer: +49 30 450 615076
- E-mail: nele.wagener@charite.de
Studie Locaties
-
-
State of Berlin
-
Berlin, State of Berlin, Duitsland, 10117
- Werving
- Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie (CMSC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
-
Contact:
- Nele Wagener, Dr. med.
- Telefoonnummer: +49 30 450 615076
- E-mail: nele.wagener@charite.de
-
-
Deelname Criteria
Geschiktheidscriteria
Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie
- Volwassen
- Oudere volwassene
Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers
Beschrijving
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults aged 18-75 years (inclusive)
- Scheduled for elective primary total hip arthroplasty (THA)
- Able and willing to provide written informed consent
- Able to follow the 20-day preoperative fasting protocol independently at home (if randomized to the fasting arm) or willing to be randomized to either arm
Exclusion Criteria:
- Resorption disorder due to bowel disease (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, short-bowel syndrome, active celiac disease)
- Antibiotic therapy within the last 2 months before baseline (T0)
- Probiotic, prebiotic, or symbiotic supplementation within the last 2 months before baseline (T0)
- Inability or unwillingness to provide informed consent
- Severe comorbidity precluding fasting (e.g. ASA ≥ IV, advanced renal/hepatic impairment, eating disorder)
- BMI < 18.5 kg/m² (underweight)
- Concurrent participation in another interventional drug or device trial
- Pregnancy or breastfeeding
Studie plan
Hoe is de studie opgezet?
Ontwerpdetails
- Primair doel: Preventie
- Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
- Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
- Masker: Geen (open label)
Wapens en interventies
Deelnemersgroep / Arm |
Interventie / Behandeling |
|---|---|
|
Experimenteel: Preoperative Fasting (20 days; Buchinger Fastenbox + intermittent fasting)
Adults aged 18-75 scheduled for elective primary total hip arthroplasty follow a structured 20-day preoperative fasting schedule self-administered at home with study-team supervision.
Schedule: Day -20 to -16 - Buchinger Fastenbox (5 days); Day -15 to -11 - intermittent fasting (5 days); Day -10 to -6 - Buchinger Fastenbox (5 days); Day -5 to -1 - intermittent fasting (5 days).
No fasting is performed post-operatively.
Daily self-monitored ketones, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure are recorded throughout the fasting window.
All other perioperative care follows the standard institutional protocol.
|
Two 5-day cycles of the Buchinger Wilhelmi Fastenbox (hypocaloric, low-carbohydrate, plant-based vegetable broths) alternating with two 5-day cycles of intermittent fasting (time-restricted feeding), totaling 20 days immediately preceding surgery.
Self-administered at home; participants receive structured instructions, daily symptom and metabolic logs, and contact options with the study team for the duration of each cycle.
|
|
Geen tussenkomst: Standard Preoperative Care
Adults aged 18-75 scheduled for elective primary total hip arthroplasty receive routine preoperative care according to the institutional standard at Charité Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie.
No fasting protocol is provided as part of the study.
Continuous glucose monitoring and daily weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure are recorded during the same pre-operative window as the fasting arm.
Stool and blood samples are collected at the same study time points as the fasting arm.
|
Wat meet het onderzoek?
Primaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
|---|---|---|
|
Change in plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentration from baseline to Day +7 post-operatively
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21, before start of intervention) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
IL-8 plasma concentration (pg/mL), measured by validated immunoassay
|
Baseline (Day -21, before start of intervention) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
Change in gut microbial alpha-diversity (Shannon index) from baseline to Day +7 post-operatively
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21, before start of intervention) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Shannon diversity index from shotgun-metagenomic stool sequencing
|
Baseline (Day -21, before start of intervention) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Secundaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
|---|---|---|
|
Perioperative kinetics of plasma cytokines (TNFα, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21), Day -1 pre-op, and 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Serial plasma concentrations of TNFα, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-8 measured by validated immunoassays.
|
Baseline (Day -21), Day -1 pre-op, and 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
Serum C-reactive protein (CRP)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Serum CRP concentration (mg/L).
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
T-cell subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) by flow cytometry
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Absolute and relative frequencies of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in whole blood.
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
B-cell frequency (CD19+)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Frequency of CD19+ B cells.
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
NK-cell frequency (CD16+/CD56+)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Frequency of CD16+/CD56+ natural killer cells.
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
T-cell activation / exhaustion markers (CD28, CD57, HLA-DR, PD-1)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Frequencies of CD28-, CD57+, HLA-DR+, and PD-1+ T-cell subpopulations.
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
Monocyte HLA-DR expression (mHLA-DR)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Median fluorescence intensity of HLA-DR on circulating monocytes.
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
NLR derived from differential blood count.
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
Gut microbial beta-diversity
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Bray-Curtis and weighted UniFrac dissimilarity between time points, analyzed with PERMANOVA.
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
Differential microbial abundance
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Differential abundance of bacterial taxa at genus and species level between arms (ANCOM/DESeq2 with covariate adjustment).
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
Microbial functional gene profile
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
Functional gene profiling (HUMAnN) including CAZyme abundance and SCFA-related pathways.
|
Baseline (Day -21) and Day +7 post-operatively
|
|
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics
Tijdsspanne: Day -21 to day of surgery (continuous)
|
Mean interstitial glucose, glucose variability (SD, CV), time-in-range (70-180 mg/dL) derived from a continuous glucose monitor worn from Day -21 until surgery, compared between arms.
|
Day -21 to day of surgery (continuous)
|
|
Daily self-monitored ketones (fasting arm)
Tijdsspanne: Day -20 to day of surgery
|
Daily urinary or capillary ketone measurements during the 20-day fasting window.
|
Day -20 to day of surgery
|
|
Daily body weight
Tijdsspanne: Day -20 to day of surgery, then Week 6, Month 3, Month 6 post-operatively
|
Daily self-measured body weight (kg) during the preoperative window, and at follow-up (Week 6, Month 3, Month 6).
|
Day -20 to day of surgery, then Week 6, Month 3, Month 6 post-operatively
|
|
Daily waist circumference
Tijdsspanne: Day -20 to day of surgery
|
Daily self-measured waist circumference (cm) during the preoperative window.
|
Day -20 to day of surgery
|
|
Daily blood pressure
Tijdsspanne: Day -20 to day of surgery
|
Daily self-measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) during the preoperative window.
|
Day -20 to day of surgery
|
|
Dietary intake (DEGS1 food frequency questionnaire)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21)
|
Habitual dietary intake captured at baseline using the DEGS1 food-frequency questionnaire.
|
Baseline (Day -21)
|
|
Patient-reported postoperative infection symptoms (study-specific questionnaire)
Tijdsspanne: Weekly from Day +1 to Week 6 post-operatively
|
Study-specific questionnaire on infection-relevant signs and symptoms, completed weekly by the patient during the first 6 weeks post-operatively.
|
Weekly from Day +1 to Week 6 post-operatively
|
|
Postoperative infectious complications (EBJIS)
Tijdsspanne: Day 0 to Day 90 after surgery
|
Incidence of periprosthetic joint infection per EBJIS criteria within 90 days post-operatively.
|
Day 0 to Day 90 after surgery
|
|
Wound healing disorders
Tijdsspanne: Day 0 to Day 90 after surgery
|
Incidence of any wound healing disorder requiring intervention within 90 days post-operatively.
|
Day 0 to Day 90 after surgery
|
|
Reoperation rate
Tijdsspanne: Day 0 to Day 90 after surgery
|
Incidence of reoperation related to the index joint within 90 days post-operatively.
|
Day 0 to Day 90 after surgery
|
|
Length of hospital stay (LOS)
Tijdsspanne: From day of surgery to day of discharge (assessed up to 30 days)
|
Length of inpatient stay for the index admission, in days.
|
From day of surgery to day of discharge (assessed up to 30 days)
|
|
Metabolic complications
Tijdsspanne: Day 0 to Day 30 after surgery
|
Incidence of postoperative metabolic complications (hyper-/hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalance, sarcopenia risk markers).
|
Day 0 to Day 30 after surgery
|
|
Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21), Week 6, Month 3, Month 6 post-operatively
|
Validated patient-reported hip-specific outcome score; change from baseline to each follow-up time point.
HOOS subscale scores range from 0 to 100, with 0 indicating extreme hip symptoms/worst outcome and 100 indicating no hip symptoms/best outcome.
Higher scores indicate a better outcome.
|
Baseline (Day -21), Week 6, Month 3, Month 6 post-operatively
|
|
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 33-item Profile (PROMIS-33)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Day -21), Week 6, Month 3, Month 6 post-operatively
|
Validated multi-domain patient-reported outcomes (PROMIS-33); change from baseline to each follow-up time point.
ROMIS-33 is reported as domain-specific T-scores plus a pain intensity item.
Domain T-score ranges are: Physical Function 22.5-57.0;
Anxiety 40.3-81.6;
Depression 41.0-79.4;
Fatigue 33.7-75.8;
Sleep Disturbance 32.0-73.3;
Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities 27.5-64.2;
Pain Interference 41.6-75.6;
Cognitive Function 25.0-61.1.
Pain Intensity ranges from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate a better outcome for Physical Function, Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities, and Cognitive Function, and a worse outcome for Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Sleep Disturbance, Pain Interference, and Pain Intensity.
|
Baseline (Day -21), Week 6, Month 3, Month 6 post-operatively
|
Medewerkers en onderzoekers
Publicaties en nuttige links
Algemene publicaties
- Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC Jr; International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; Hational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; International Association for the Study of Obesity. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009 Oct 20;120(16):1640-5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644. Epub 2009 Oct 5.
- Cella D, Riley W, Stone A, Rothrock N, Reeve B, Yount S, Amtmann D, Bode R, Buysse D, Choi S, Cook K, Devellis R, DeWalt D, Fries JF, Gershon R, Hahn EA, Lai JS, Pilkonis P, Revicki D, Rose M, Weinfurt K, Hays R; PROMIS Cooperative Group. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005-2008. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010 Nov;63(11):1179-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011. Epub 2010 Aug 4.
- Nilsdotter AK, Lohmander LS, Klassbo M, Roos EM. Hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS)--validity and responsiveness in total hip replacement. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2003 May 30;4:10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-4-10. Epub 2003 May 30.
- Wilhelmi de Toledo F, Grundler F, Bergouignan A, Drinda S, Michalsen A. Safety, health improvement and well-being during a 4 to 21-day fasting period in an observational study including 1422 subjects. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 2;14(1):e0209353. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209353. eCollection 2019.
- Mesnage R, Grundler F, Schwiertz A, Le Maho Y, Wilhelmi de Toledo F. Changes in human gut microbiota composition are linked to the energy metabolic switch during 10 d of Buchinger fasting. J Nutr Sci. 2019 Nov 12;8:e36. doi: 10.1017/jns.2019.33. eCollection 2019.
- Delconte RB, Owyong M, Santosa EK, Srpan K, Sheppard S, McGuire TJ, Abbasi A, Diaz-Salazar C, Chun J, Rogatsky I, Hsu KC, Jordan S, Merad M, Sun JC. Fasting reshapes tissue-specific niches to improve NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Immunity. 2024 Aug 13;57(8):1923-1938.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.021. Epub 2024 Jun 14.
- Kong L, Cao J, Zhang Y, Ding W, Shen Y. Risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection following primary total hip or knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Int Wound J. 2017 Jun;14(3):529-536. doi: 10.1111/iwj.12640. Epub 2016 Jul 10.
- Casals-Pascual C, Gonzalez A, Vazquez-Baeza Y, Song SJ, Jiang L, Knight R. Microbial Diversity in Clinical Microbiome Studies: Sample Size and Statistical Power Considerations. Gastroenterology. 2020 May;158(6):1524-1528. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.305. Epub 2020 Jan 10. No abstract available.
- Valtetsiotis K, Di Martino A, Brunello M, Tassinari L, D'Agostino C, Traina F, Faldini C. The Potential Role of Gut Bacteriome Dysbiosis as a Leading Cause of Periprosthetic Infection: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Microorganisms. 2023 Jul 9;11(7):1778. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11071778.
- Salimi M, Karam JA, Willman M, Willman J, Lucke-Wold B, Khanzadeh S, Mirghaderi P, Parvizi J. Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2024 Mar;39(3):831-838. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.08.067. Epub 2023 Aug 24.
- McNally M, Sousa R, Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Chen AF, Soriano A, Vogely HC, Clauss M, Higuera CA, Trebse R. The EBJIS definition of periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J. 2021 Jan;103-B(1):18-25. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.103B1.BJJ-2020-1381.R1.
Studie record data
Bestudeer belangrijke data
Studie start (Werkelijk)
Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)
Studie voltooiing (Geschat)
Studieregistratiedata
Eerst ingediend
Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria
Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)
Updates van studierecords
Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)
Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria
Laatst geverifieerd
Meer informatie
Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie
Trefwoorden
Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden
- Musculoskeletale aandoeningen
- Pathologische processen
- Artritis
- Gewrichtsziekten
- Reumatische aandoeningen
- Metabole ziekten
- Infecties
- Glucosemetabolismestoornissen
- Artrose
- Insuline-resistentie
- Hyperinsulinisme
- Wond infectie
- Pathologische aandoeningen, tekenen en symptomen
- Gedrag
- Voedings- en stofwisselingsziekten
- Voedingsgedrag
- Vasten
- Metaboolsyndroom
- Chirurgische wondinfectie
- Postoperatieve complicaties
- Artrose, heup
- Intermitterend vasten
Andere studie-ID-nummers
- EA1/279/24
Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)
Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?
Beschrijving IPD-plan
Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten
Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel
Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct
Deze informatie is zonder wijzigingen rechtstreeks van de website clinicaltrials.gov gehaald. Als u verzoeken heeft om uw onderzoeksgegevens te wijzigen, te verwijderen of bij te werken, neem dan contact op met register@clinicaltrials.gov. Zodra er een wijziging wordt doorgevoerd op clinicaltrials.gov, wordt deze ook automatisch bijgewerkt op onze website .