Deze pagina is automatisch vertaald en de nauwkeurigheid van de vertaling kan niet worden gegarandeerd. Raadpleeg de Engelse versie voor een brontekst.

Effects of Core and Inspiratory Muscle Training on Muscle Oxygenation and Athletic Performance İn Young Soccer Players

17 juni 2026 bijgewerkt door: Abdurrahim Eyüp Canbaloğlu, Istinye University

Effects of Core and Inspiratory Muscle Training On Muscle Oxygenation and Athletic Performance İn Young Soccer Players

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to investigate the effects of core training and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on muscle oxygenation and athletic performance in youth male soccer players aged 15-18. A total of 54 healthy soccer players will be included and randomly assigned into three equal groups: the Control Group, the Core Training Group, and the Core Training + IMT Group.

All interventions will be implemented for 8 weeks in addition to routine soccer training sessions. Assessments will be performed at baseline (Week 0), mid-intervention (Week 4), and post-intervention (Week 8). The primary outcome measures of the study are aerobic capacity assessed by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 and muscle oxygenation parameters monitored via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using a MOXY monitor. Secondary outcome measures include sprint performance, agility, dynamic balance, core muscle strength and endurance, inspiratory muscle strength, lower extremity explosive power, and soccer-specific technical performance tests.

Overall, this study aims to reveal the combined effects of core training and inspiratory muscle training on muscle oxygenation, respiratory functions, aerobic capacity, and soccer performance, while explaining the underlying physiological mechanisms in youth athletes.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Nog niet aan het werven

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Background:

Soccer performance is a multidimensional structure resulting from the interaction of technical, tactical, psychological, and physical components. In modern soccer, players frequently perform high-intensity running, sprinting, directional changes, and repeated efforts. Therefore, aerobic capacity, recovery ability, and the efficiency of muscle oxygen utilization are of critical importance.

Respiratory muscle fatigue during high-intensity exercise can limit performance by triggering the respiratory muscle metaboreflex, which reduces blood flow to peripheral muscles. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) aims to attenuate these adverse effects by enhancing the strength and endurance of the diaphragm and auxiliary respiratory muscles. Similarly, core training improves trunk stability, enhances movement economy, optimizes force transfer along the kinetic chain, and contributes to athletic performance measures. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technology used to evaluate muscle oxygenation and hemodynamic responses during exercise. The MOXY monitor utilized in this study will allow real-time evaluation of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and total hemoglobin (THb) levels.

Objectives:

The primary objective is to investigate the effects of core training and inspiratory muscle training on muscle oxygenation and aerobic performance in youth male soccer players. Secondary objectives are to examine changes in maximal inspiratory pressure, sprint performance, agility, dynamic balance, core strength/endurance, lower extremity explosive power, and soccer-specific technical skills.

Study Design & Interventions:

This study is designed as a three-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial involving 54 healthy male soccer players. Participants will be randomly allocated into one of three groups:

  1. Control Group: Continues routine soccer training only.
  2. Core Training Group: Receives a structured core training program in addition to routine soccer training.
  3. Core Training + IMT Group: Receives both the core training program and inspiratory muscle training in addition to routine soccer training.

The core training program will be implemented 3 days a week, lasting approximately 20-25 minutes prior to routine soccer practices. The program is structured on progressive overload principles, gradually increasing duration and difficulty. IMT will be performed 3 days a week using a threshold device. Participants will complete 2 sets of 30 breaths per session. Training intensity will start at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and progress weekly up to approximately 70% MIP.

Assessments & Statistical Analysis:

All assessments will be conducted at baseline (Week 0), mid-intervention (Week 4), and post-intervention (Week 8). Primary outcomes include aerobic capacity (Yo-Yo IR1 distance) and muscle oxygenation parameters (SmO2, desaturation/reoxygenation rates, and THb). Secondary outcomes include 20-meter sprint (manual stopwatch), Illinois agility test, Y-Balance test, core strength/endurance tests, Standing Long Jump, MIP (cmH2O), Modified 10-Meter Dribbling Test, and the Wall Passing Accuracy Test. Linear mixed-effects models will be used to analyze group and time effects. Statistical significance will be set at p < 0.05.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Geschat)

54

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studiecontact

Studie Locaties

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Kind
  • Volwassen

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Being between 15 and 18 years of age.
  • Being a male soccer player.
  • Actively and regularly participating in trainings at Alagöz Soccer Club.
  • Having participated in regular soccer training for at least the last 6 months.
  • Being able to continue routine trainings throughout the study period.
  • Being fully informed about the research.
  • Having obtained voluntary informed consent, and parental/guardian consent for participants under 18 years of age.
  • Having the cognitive and physical capacity to understand and fulfill the specific test and exercise instructions.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Having a history of lower extremity, trunk-core, or athletic performance-limiting injury within the last 6 months.
  • Having undergone orthopedic lower extremity or spine surgery within the last 1 year.
  • Having active musculoskeletal pain or any orthopedic/neurological condition that prevents exercise.
  • Having any health condition that prevents the safe execution of balance, sprint, agility, jump, or core endurance tests.
  • Having asthma, chronic respiratory system diseases, exercise-induced bronchospasm, cardiovascular disease, or a physician-imposed restriction on high-intensity exercise that could affect respiratory muscle or exercise testing.
  • Having open wounds, infections, or severe skin sensitivity that prevents the application of sensors placed on the skin.
  • Currently participating in another structured respiratory muscle training or structured core exercise program that could affect the study results.
  • Having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or above.
  • Being deemed unsuitable for the study by the researcher due to safety concerns.
  • Withdrawal from the study at the request of the participant or their parent/guardian.
  • Missing two consecutive exercise sessions or having an insufficient overall attendance rate.
  • Developing an exercise-preventing injury or illness during the study period.
  • Occurrence of any safety risk during testing or exercise sessions.
  • Non-compliance with the study protocol.
  • Starting another additional exercise program during the study.
  • Technical inability to obtain reliable measurement data.

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Fundamentele wetenschap
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Geen (open label)

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Geen tussenkomst: Control Group
Participants in this group will only continue their routine soccer training program for 8 weeks without any additional core or respiratory intervention.
Experimenteel: Core Training Group
Participants will perform a structured core training program in addition to their routine soccer training. The intervention will be conducted 3 days a week for 8 weeks, taking approximately 20-25 minutes before soccer practices, using a progressive overload principle.
Gedragsmatig: Core Training Program
A structured, progressive core stability training program targeting trunk and abdominal musculature. The exercises will be conducted 3 days a week for 8 weeks, taking approximately 20-25 minutes before soccer practices.
Experimenteel: Combined Training Group
Participants will receive both the structured core training program and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in addition to routine soccer training. Core training will be done 3 days a week for 20-25 minutes. IMT will be performed 3 days a week using a threshold device (2 sets of 30 breaths), starting at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and progressing to 70% over 8 weeks.
Gedragsmatig: Core Training Program
A structured, progressive core stability training program targeting trunk and abdominal musculature. The exercises will be conducted 3 days a week for 8 weeks, taking approximately 20-25 minutes before soccer practices.
Apparaat: Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT)
Inspiratory muscle training performed using a threshold device. The protocol consists of 2 sets of 30 breaths per session, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Training intensity starts at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and progresses up to 70% MIP.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Aerobic Capacity
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Assessed using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) to determine the total distance covered in meters.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Muscle Oxygen Saturation (SmO2)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Measured in percentage (%) during exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) via a MOXY monitor to evaluate muscle oxygenation.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Total Hemoglobin (THb)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Measured in arbitrary units or micro-molar concentrations using a MOXY monitor (NIRS technology) to assess local blood volume changes and muscle hemodynamics.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
20-Meter Sprint Performance
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Assessed using a 20-meter sprint test with a manual stopwatch to measure running speed in seconds.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Agility Performance
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Measured using the Illinois Agility Test to evaluate the participant's ability to change direction quickly, recorded in seconds.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Dynamic Balance
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Assessed using the Y-Balance Test (YBT) to measure dynamic balance and stability in anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions, recorded in centimeters.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Core Muscle Strength and Endurance
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Evaluated using core endurance tests (such as plank, side bridge, and trunk flexor/extensor endurance tests) to measure the holding time in seconds.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Lower Extremity Explosive Power
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Measured using the Standing Long Jump test to evaluate horizontal explosive power, recorded in centimeters.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Measured using a digital respiratory pressure meter (or PowerBreathe device) to evaluate maximal inspiratory muscle strength, recorded in cmH2O.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Soccer-Specific Dribbling Performance
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Assessed using the Modified 10-Meter Dribbling Test to measure soccer-specific ball control and speed, recorded in seconds.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Soccer Passing Accuracy
Tijdsspanne: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)
Measured using the Wall Passing Accuracy Test to evaluate soccer-specific technical passing precision, recorded as a total accuracy score.
Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 4), and Post-intervention (Week 8)

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Istinye University

Onderzoekers

  • Hoofdonderzoeker: Abdurrahim Eyüp CANBALOĞLU, MSc, Igdir University

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Geschat)

1 augustus 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)

1 augustus 2027

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

1 december 2027

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

15 juni 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

17 juni 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

18 juni 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

18 juni 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

17 juni 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 juni 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 2026/78

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Beschrijving IPD-plan

Individual participant data will not be shared with third parties to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of the participants, in accordance with the informed consent limitations and ethical committee guidelines.

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

Deze informatie is zonder wijzigingen rechtstreeks van de website clinicaltrials.gov gehaald. Als u verzoeken heeft om uw onderzoeksgegevens te wijzigen, te verwijderen of bij te werken, neem dan contact op met register@clinicaltrials.gov. Zodra er een wijziging wordt doorgevoerd op clinicaltrials.gov, wordt deze ook automatisch bijgewerkt op onze website .

Abonneren