The Addition of Core Muscle Training on Tennis Serve Speed in Tennis Players
The Effect of Adding Core Muscle Training With Shoulder Strengthening in Tennis Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Compared with shoulder-only training and with continued tennis training alone, will the addition of core strengthening to shoulder training produce significantly greater improvements in flat serve ball speed in healthy tennis players?
Secondary Hypothesis:
- Combined core + shoulder training will produce greater improvement in serve accuracy than shoulder-only training or tennis training alone.
- Combined core + shoulder training will produce greater improvement in TGAR than shoulder-only training or tennis training alone.
- Combined core + shoulder training will produce greater improvement in core strength/endurance and shoulder rotational strength than the comparator groups.
Studie Overzicht
Toestand
Conditie
Gedetailleerde beschrijving
The kinetic chain model suggests that core musculature plays a crucial role in transferring energy from the lower body to the upper extremity during the tennis serve. However, evidence on the relationship between core strength and tennis serve (TS) ball speed and passive total glenohumeral arc of rotation (TGAR) remains inconsistent, warranting further investigation.
It is hypothesized that the addition of core muscle exercises to the training program would yield greater improvements in terms of tennis serve ball speed and TGAR when compared to a control group performing only shoulder exercises in tennis players.
Tennis players with at least 1-3 years of weekly tennis training will be included and allocated randomly into the control group (CG) and experimental group (EG). CG participants will perform shoulder exercises and sham core exercises. EG participants will receive the same training as CG in addition to performing core exercises. Both groups will participate in a 12-week intervention (2 sessions per week, 50 minutes per session). Pre- and postintervention assessments will include TS ball speed analysis and TGAR, respectively.
Studietype
Inschrijving (Geschat)
Fase
- Niet toepasbaar
Contacten en locaties
Studiecontact
- Naam: Ahmad El Melhat, PhD
- Telefoonnummer: +20 111 259 5022
- E-mail: a.melhat@bau.edu.lb
Studie Locaties
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Beirut
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Beirut, Beirut, Libanon, 1100
- Werving
- Beirut Arab University
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Contact:
- Ahmad El Melhat, PhD
- Telefoonnummer: +20 111 259 5022
- E-mail: a.melhat@bau.edu.lb
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Giza
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Beirut, Giza, Libanon, 2356
- Werving
- BAU activities
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Contact:
- Ahmed El Melhat
- Telefoonnummer: 01112595022
- E-mail: s.mohamad@bau.edu.lb
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Contact:
- Ahmed ELMelhat, PhD
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Deelname Criteria
Geschiktheidscriteria
Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie
- Volwassen
Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers
Beschrijving
Inclusion Criteria:
- Healthy adults aged 18-35 years
- Recreational to competitive non-professional tennis players (currently playing ≥2 sessions/week for ≥1 year; NTRP 3.0-5.0 or equivalent ITN; no professional ranking or tour-level competition history)
- Right- or left-hand dominant (serve arm recorded)
- Able to perform a full flat serve without pain
- Willing to maintain current tennis training routine and refrain from starting other new strength/conditioning programs during the study
Exclusion Criteria:
- Current or history of shoulder pain/injury in the past 6 months (e.g., rotator cuff pathology, labral injury, impingement)
- Low back pain or lumbar spine pathology in the past 6 months
- Prior shoulder or spine surgery
- Systemic conditions affecting neuromuscular function (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes, neurological disorders)
- Pregnancy
- Current participation in a structured core or shoulder strengthening program
Studie plan
Hoe is de studie opgezet?
Ontwerpdetails
- Primair doel: Ander
- Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
- Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
- Masker: Enkel
Wapens en interventies
Deelnemersgroep / Arm |
Interventie / Behandeling |
|---|---|
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Actieve vergelijker: Shoulder+ sham core
Shoulder strengthening + sham/placebo core exercises (non-loading trunk mobility).
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Delivered 2×/week for 10 weeks under supervision of a licensed physical therapist or certified strength and conditioning specialist. Progressive resistance program including:
Sham :Low-intensity, non-progressive trunk mobility exercises with minimal loading (e.g., seated trunk rotations without resistance, cat-camel stretches), matched for session time and attention to control for non-specific training effects, without targeting core strength/endurance adaptation. |
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Experimenteel: shoulder strengthening exercises+ core strengthening
Participants in EG performed the same shoulder strengthening exercises as in CG, coupled with a physical therapy core strengthening program.
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Delivered 2×/week for 10 weeks, same sessions as the shoulder program (combined ~50-60 minute sessions), progressive core program including:
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Wat meet het onderzoek?
Primaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
|---|---|---|
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Flat serve ball speed
Tijdsspanne: measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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Flat serve ball speed (km/h or mph), measured via radar gun (e.g., Stalker Pro II) or equivalent validated device, averaged across the best 5 of 10 flat serves hit into the deuce-side service box, measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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Secundaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
|---|---|---|
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Serve accuracy
Tijdsspanne: measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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Total glenohumeral arc of rotation (TGAR)
Tijdsspanne: measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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● Passive internal rotation (IR) + external rotation (ER) range of motion measured via goniometry (or inclinometer) with scapula stabilized, participant supine, shoulder abducted to 90°, elbow flexed to 90°.
TGAR = IR + ER (degrees).
Measured bilaterally.
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measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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Shoulder rotational strength
Tijdsspanne: measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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● Peak IR and ER isometric or isokinetic torque (Nm), measured via hand-held dynamometer (standardized stabilization protocol) or isokinetic dynamometer (60°/sec and 180°/sec) if available, at 0° abduction.
ER/IR strength ratio calculated.
Measured bilaterally.
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measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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Core strength/endurance
Tijdsspanne: measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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● McGill core endurance battery: trunk flexor endurance test (seconds), bilateral side-bridge/plank endurance test (seconds).
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measured at baseline (Week 0) and post-intervention (Week 12).
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Medewerkers en onderzoekers
Sponsor
Studie record data
Bestudeer belangrijke data
Studie start (Werkelijk)
Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)
Studie voltooiing (Geschat)
Studieregistratiedata
Eerst ingediend
Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria
Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)
Updates van studierecords
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Meer informatie
Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie
Trefwoorden
Andere studie-ID-nummers
- Core Vs shoulder in tennis
Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)
Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?
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