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Combined Inspiratory Muscle Training and Functional High-Intensity Interval Training in Boys With Obesity (IMT and HIIT)

3 september 2026 bijgewerkt door: Coşkun YILMAZ, Gümüşhane Universıty

Combined Inspiratory Muscle Training and Functional High-Intensity Interval Training Promote Respiratory, Diaphragmatic, and Aerobic Adaptations in Children With Obesity

Childhood obesity is associated with reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, impaired exercise tolerance, and altered respiratory mechanics. This randomized controlled trial investigated whether combining inspiratory muscle training with functional high-intensity interval training improves diaphragm morphology, respiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, aerobic fitness, and functional exercise capacity in boys with obesity. Fifty boys aged 10-12 years were randomly assigned to six weeks of combined inspiratory muscle training and functional high-intensity interval training or usual activity.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Nog niet aan het werven

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

This prospective, two-arm, randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of a six-week combined inspiratory muscle training and functional high-intensity interval training program in boys aged 10-12 years with obesity.

Fifty participants were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either a combined training group or a usual-activity control group. The intervention consisted of progressive inspiratory muscle training performed five days per week and functional high-intensity interval training performed three non-consecutive days per week for six weeks.

Inspiratory muscle training was performed using a threshold pressure-loading device. Training commenced at 30% of maximal inspiratory pressure and increased by 5% each week, reaching 55% of maximal inspiratory pressure in week 6. Each session consisted of two sets of 30 inspiratory efforts.

Functional high-intensity interval training was performed three times per week. Each approximately 35-40-minute session consisted of a standardized warm-up, a functional high-intensity interval circuit, and a cool-down. The circuit included wall sit, incline push-up, seated knee-to-chest exercise, shadow boxing, Superman exercise, and low-step-up exercise. Training intensity was progressively increased by manipulating work-to-rest ratios and circuit volume.

The control group continued habitual daily activities without participating in structured exercise or respiratory muscle training during the six-week study period.

Primary outcomes were diaphragm thickening fraction, inspiratory diaphragm thickness, and expiratory diaphragm thickness. Secondary outcomes included maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV₁/FVC ratio, six-minute walk distance, estimated VO₂max, body composition, and perceived exertion.

Assessments were performed at baseline and after the six-week intervention under standardized laboratory conditions between 15:00 and 17:00. Diaphragm ultrasonography was performed by a radiologist blinded to group allocation

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Geschat)

50

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studiecontact

Studie Locaties

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Kind

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Male sex.

  • Age 10-12 years.

    *Obesity according to World Health Organization age- and sex-specific BMI reference criteria.

  • No regular participation in structured exercise training during the preceding six months.
  • Medical clearance to participate in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Diagnosed cardiovascular, neuromuscular, orthopaedic, or metabolic conditions that could interfere with exercise participation.
  • Chronic respiratory disease, including asthma requiring regular medication.

  • Impaired pulmonary function defined as FEV₁/FVC <75%.

    *Upper respiratory tract infection within the preceding two weeks.

  • Medication use that could affect respiratory function or exercise capacity.
  • Previous thoracic surgery.
  • Inability to complete the testing procedures.

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Ondersteunende zorg
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Enkel

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: Combined IMT + Functional HIIT
Participants received six weeks of combined inspiratory muscle training and functional high-intensity interval training in addition to their usual daily activities. Inspiratory muscle training was performed five days per week, and functional high-intensity interval training was performed three non-consecutive days per week.
Ander: Inspiratory Muscle Training
Inspiratory muscle training was performed using a threshold pressure-loading device (POWERbreathe). Participants trained once daily, five days per week, for six consecutive weeks. Each session consisted of two sets of 30 inspiratory efforts. Training began at 30% of maximal inspiratory pressure in week 1, with the training load progressively increased by 5% each week to reach 55% of maximal inspiratory pressure in week 6. Training pressure was reassessed weekly, and all sessions were supervised by a certified exercise specialist.
Ander: Functional High-Intensity Interval Training
Functional high-intensity interval training was performed three times per week on non-consecutive days for six weeks. Each session lasted approximately 35-40 minutes and consisted of an approximately 8-minute warm-up, a functional high-intensity interval circuit, and an approximately 5-minute cool-down. The circuit included wall sit, incline push-up, seated knee-to-chest exercise, shadow boxing, Superman exercise, and low-step-up exercise. Training intensity was progressively increased by manipulating work-to-rest ratios and the number of circuit cycles. Perceived exertion was monitored using the Borg CR-10 scale.
Geen tussenkomst: Usual Activity Control
Participants continued their habitual daily activities throughout the six-week study period and did not participate in structured exercise or respiratory muscle training. They were instructed not to initiate a new exercise program until study completion.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Inspiratory Diaphragm Thickness
Tijdsspanne: 6 weeks
Inspiratory diaphragm thickness (DTins) was measured by ultrasound at the end of maximal inspiration at the zone of apposition of the right hemidiaphragm. Three measurements were obtained and averaged. The measurement represents an ultrasound-derived index of diaphragm morphology.
6 weeks
Diaphragm Thickening Fraction
Tijdsspanne: 6 weeks
Diaphragm thickening fraction (DTf) was assessed using diaphragm ultrasonography and calculated as [(end-inspiratory diaphragm thickness - end-expiratory diaphragm thickness) / end-expiratory diaphragm thickness] × 100. Measurements were obtained from the right hemidiaphragm at the zone of apposition. Three measurements were obtained in each respiratory phase and averaged for analysis.
6 weeks
Expiratory Diaphragm Thickness
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
Expiratory diaphragm thickness (DTexp) was measured by ultrasound at the end of maximal expiration at the zone of apposition of the right hemidiaphragm. Three measurements were obtained and averaged. The measurement represents an ultrasound-derived index of diaphragm morphology.
6 week

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Maximal Inspiratory Pressure
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) was measured using a handheld mouth pressure meter according to ATS/ERS recommendations. Measurements were performed from residual volume, and the best reproducible values were recorded in cmH₂O.
6 week
Maximal Expiratory Pressure
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
Maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) was measured using a handheld mouth pressure meter according to ATS/ERS recommendations. Measurements were performed from total lung capacity, and the best reproducible values were recorded in cmH₂O.
6 week
Forced Vital Capacity
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
Forced vital capacity (FVC) was measured using spirometry according to ATS/ERS recommendations.
6 week
Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) was measured using spirometry according to ATS/ERS recommendations.
6 week
FEV₁/FVC Ratio
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
The FEV₁/FVC ratio was calculated from spirometric measurements obtained according to ATS/ERS recommendations.
6 week
Six-Minute Walk Distance
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
Functional exercise capacity was assessed using the Six-Minute Walk Test. Participants walked for six minutes along a pre-measured, flat, straight corridor at a self-selected comfortable pace. The total distance covered in meters was recorded.
6 week
Estimated VO2max
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
Estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) was calculated from six-minute walk distance and body mass index using the validated prediction equation developed for children and adolescents with obesity: VO₂max = 26.9 + (0.014 × 6MWD [m]) - (0.38 × BMI [kg/m²]). VO₂max values were estimated and were not directly measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
6 week
Body Mass Index
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
Body composition was assessed using a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Body mass index (BMI) and BMI z-score were assessed according to standardized procedures.
6 week
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Tijdsspanne: 6 week
Perceived exercise intensity was assessed using the Borg Category Ratio-10 Rating of Perceived Exertion scale. Participants were familiarized with the scale before the intervention, and RPE was recorded immediately after each functional HIIT session throughout the six-week intervention period.
6 week
Height
Tijdsspanne: 6 Week
Body composition was assessed using a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Height was assessed according to standardized procedures.
6 Week
Weight
Tijdsspanne: 6 Week
Body composition was assessed using a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Weight was assessed according to standardized procedures.
6 Week

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

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Sponsor

Gümüşhane Universıty

Publicaties en nuttige links

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Algemene publicaties

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Geschat)

20 oktober 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)

15 december 2026

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

20 december 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

1 september 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

3 september 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

9 september 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

9 september 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

3 september 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 september 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 2026/025

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Beschrijving IPD-plan

Individual participant data will not be publicly shared. The raw data supporting the conclusions of the study will be made available by the authors upon reasonable request, subject to applicable ethical, institutional, and data-protection requirements.

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

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Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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