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T2AIR: Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Biologics Targeting Type 2 Inflammation in Asthma and COPD (T2AIR)

13 september 2026 bijgewerkt door: Gao Yong-hua, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China

Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Biologics Targeting Type 2 Inflammation Across the Spectrum of Chronic Airway Diseases - A Prospective Observational Study in Asthma and COPD

This prospective, real-world observational study (T2AIR Study) evaluates the long-term efficacy and safety of six biologics targeting Type 2 inflammation - omalizumab, mepolizumab, benralizumab, dupilumab, tezepelumab, and depemokimab - in patients with chronic airway diseases, including asthma and COPD under routine clinical practice in China.

The primary objective is to determine the annualized exacerbation rate (AER) over 12 months of treatment. Secondary objectives include time to first exacerbation, frequency of severe exacerbations, improvements in symptom control and quality of life (using disease-specific questionnaires), lung function (FEV₁, FVC), airway inflammatory biomarkers (FeNO, blood eosinophils, serum IgE), oral corticosteroid (OCS) sparing effect in asthma patients, and treatment persistence.

Safety outcomes will assess the incidence, types, and severity of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs). Exploratory endpoints include high-resolution CT (HRCT)-based imaging markers of airway remodeling and the development of deep learning-based multimodal predictive models integrating clinical, biomarker, and radiomics data to support personalized treatment. Additionally, blood, sputum, and urine samples will be collected for translational research to explore underlying mechanisms and predictors of biologic response.

This study aims to generate robust real-world evidence on the effectiveness and safety of Type 2-targeted biologics across the broad spectrum of chronic airway diseases in a diverse Chinese patient population.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Werving

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Chronic airway diseases, encompassing asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are heterogeneous disorders characterized by chronic airway inflammation, persistent airflow limitation, and/or airway hyperresponsiveness. These conditions commonly present with chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea. Acute exacerbations can be life-threatening and represent a leading global cause of disability and premature mortality among chronic non-communicable diseases.

Although inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) combined with long-acting bronchodilators (LABA/LAMA) form the mainstay of treatment, a substantial proportion of patients - approximately 5-10% with asthma and selected COPD patients experience severe or refractory disease. These patients suffer from recurrent exacerbations, progressive lung function decline, impaired quality of life, and serious complications associated with long-term oral corticosteroid (OCS) use, including osteoporosis and increased infection risk.

Type 2 (T2-high) inflammation, driven by eosinophil activation and the IL-4/IL-5/IL-13 signaling pathways, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of most severe asthma cases and a significant subset of COPD patients. In recent years, biologics targeting key mediators of Type 2 inflammation - including IgE, IL-5/IL-5Rα, IL-4Rα, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) - have emerged as precision therapeutic options for patients inadequately controlled on standard therapy.

The six biologics evaluated in this study are:

  1. Omalizumab (anti-IgE monoclonal antibody)
  2. Mepolizumab (anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody)
  3. Benralizumab (anti-IL-5Rα monoclonal antibody)
  4. Dupilumab (anti-IL-4Rα monoclonal antibody, blocking IL-4/IL-13 signaling)
  5. Tezepelumab (anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, effective in both T2-high and T2-low phenotypes)
  6. Depemokimab (ultra-long-acting anti-IL-5 Fc-fusion protein enabling twice-yearly dosing) Current international guidelines (GINA 2026 and GOLD 2026) recommend these Type 2-targeted biologics as add-on therapy for moderate-to-severe patients with poor control despite optimized standard care, with selection often guided by biomarkers such as blood eosinophils (EOS) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). While these agents have demonstrated efficacy in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for severe asthma and eosinophilic COPD, robust real-world evidence remains limited, long-term use, diverse phenotypes, elderly patients, and those with multiple comorbidities. Moreover, data specific to Chinese populations are scarce. This prospective real-world observational study aims to address these evidence gaps.

Studietype

Observationeel

Inschrijving (Geschat)

538

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studiecontact

Studie Locaties

  • China
    • Shanghai Municipality
      • Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, China, 200437
        • Werving
        • Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital
        • Contact:
        • Contact:
        • Hoofdonderzoeker:
          • Yong-hua Gao, PhD

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Volwassen
  • Oudere volwassene

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Nee

Bemonsteringsmethode

Niet-waarschijnlijkheidssteekproef

Studie Bevolking

Adult patients with chronic airway diseases (asthma, COPD) who have received biologics targeting Type 2 inflammation

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria

Subjects must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Age ≥ 18 years; 2. Confirmed diagnosis of at least one of the following chronic airway diseases:

  1. Asthma: Diagnosed according to the 2025 GINA guidelines, with typical variable respiratory symptoms (wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, or cough) and objective evidence of variable expiratory airflow limitation (positive bronchodilator reversibility test, positive bronchial provocation test, average daily PEF variability >10%, improvement in lung function after ICS treatment, or significant variability in lung function between two visits).
  2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Diagnosed according to the 2026 GOLD guidelines, with symptoms of dyspnea, chronic cough, or sputum production, and/or history of exposure to risk factors, and post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC < 70%.

3. Meets clinical indications for biologic therapy as judged by a respiratory or allergy specialist according to current guidelines:

  1. Asthma: Poor control despite optimized high-dose ICS-LABA therapy, presence of allergic or eosinophilic inflammatory biomarkers, or severe/refractory disease requiring maintenance oral corticosteroids (OCS).
  2. COPD: Frequent exacerbations despite triple inhaled therapy (ICS + LABA + LAMA), with blood eosinophil count (EOS) ≥ 300/μL and chronic bronchitis phenotype.

4. The treating respiratory or allergy specialist has decided to initiate or switch to one of the following approved biologics targeting Type 2 inflammation, based on 2025 GINA and 2026 GOLD guidelines: omalizumab, mepolizumab, benralizumab, dupilumab, tezepelumab, or depemokimab (tezepelumab may be used in both Type 2 and non-Type 2 inflammation).

5. Able and willing to provide written informed consent and commit to at least 12 months of follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria

Subjects will be excluded if they meet any of the following criteria:

  1. Presence of severe or uncontrolled pulmonary or systemic diseases (e.g., active malignancy, autoimmune disease) or active infectious respiratory diseases (e.g., active pulmonary tuberculosis or infectious pneumonia);
  2. Pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning pregnancy during the study period;
  3. Known history of hypersensitivity or allergy to any component of the planned biologic agent;
  4. Expected life expectancy less than 12 months;
  5. Any other condition that, in the investigator's judgment, makes the subject unsuitable for participation (e.g., poor compliance or inability to complete follow-up).

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

Cohorten en interventies

Groep / Cohort
Interventie / Behandeling
Adults with chronic airway diseases who have been treated with biologics
Patients with chronic airway diseases who have been treated with biologics targeting Type 2 inflammation and met the study's inclusion criteria
Geneesmiddel: Biologics targeting Type 2 inflammation
Biologics targeting Type 2 inflammation, including Omalizumab (anti-IgE monoclonal antibody), Mepolizumab (anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody), Benralizumab (anti-IL-5Rα monoclonal antibody), Dupilumab (anti-IL-4Rα monoclonal antibody, blocking IL-4/IL-13 signaling), Tezepelumab (anti-TSLP monoclonal antibody, effective in both T2-high and T2-low phenotypes), Depemokimab (ultra-long-acting anti-IL-5 Fc-fusion protein enabling twice-yearly dosing)
Andere namen:
  • Interventionele groep
Adults with chronic airway diseases who received the standard of care
Adults with chronic airway diseases who received the standard of care as recommended by relevant guidelines
Geneesmiddel: Patients with asthma and copd who received standard of care
Patients with asthma and copd who received standard of care as recommended by relevant guidelines
Andere namen:
  • Groep Zorgstandaard

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Annual rate of protocol-defined exacerbations of chronic airway disease over 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
Number of protocol-defined exacerbations per participant-year during the 12-month follow-up. An exacerbation is defined according to the disease-specific international criteria applicable to the participant's primary diagnosis: GINA 2026 for asthma; GOLD 2026 for COPD; ERS 2025 for bronchiectasis; and ERS 2024 for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Events are ascertained from participant report, medical records, and investigator assessment at scheduled and unscheduled visits.
12 months

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Time to first exacerbation;
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
Exacerbations of chronic airway diseases as defined by international guidelines: GINA 2026 (asthma) and GOLD 2026 (COPD).
12 months
Frequency of severe exacerbations
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
Severe exacerbations of chronic airway diseases as defined by international guidelines: GINA 2026 (asthma), GOLD 2026 (COPD), ERS 2025 (bronchiectasis), and ERS 2024 (ABPA)
12 months
Change from baseline in Asthma Control Test (ACT) total score at 3, 6, 9, 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
The Asthma Control Test (ACT) is a 5-item patient-reported questionnaire assessing asthma control over the previous 4 weeks. Total score ranges from 5 to 25; higher scores indicate better asthma control. Change is calculated as 3, 6, 9, 12-month score minus baseline score.
12 months
Change from baseline in Asthma Control Questionnaire-6 (ACQ-6) score at 3, 6, 9, 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
The Asthma Control Questionnaire-6 (ACQ-6) assesses asthma symptom control. Each of 6 items is scored from 0 to 6; the total score is the mean of item scores and ranges from 0 to 6. Higher scores indicate worse asthma control. Change is 12-month score minus baseline score.
12 months
Change from baseline in COPD Assessment Test (CAT) total score at 3, 6, 9, 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) is an 8-item questionnaire. Total score ranges from 0 to 40; higher scores indicate worse health status. Change is 3, 6, 9, 12-month score minus baseline score.
12 months
Change from baseline in modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale at 3, 6, 9, 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale ranges from 0 to 4; higher scores indicate more severe dyspnea. Change is 3, 6, 9, 12-month grade minus baseline grade.
12 months
Change from baseline in Quality of Life-Bronchiectasis Respiratory Symptoms Score (QoL-B RSS) at 3, 6, 9, 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
The Quality of Life-Bronchiectasis (QoL-B) Respiratory Symptoms Score is a domain of the QoL-B questionnaire. Domain scores range from 0 to 100; higher scores indicate fewer respiratory symptoms / better health status. Change is 3, 6, 9, 12-month score minus baseline score. This instrument is only measured for patients with bronchiectasis.
12 months
Change from baseline in Bronchiectasis Impact Measure (BIM) total score at 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
The Bronchiectasis Impact Measure (BIM) is a patient-reported instrument assessing the impact of bronchiectasis. Total score ranges from 0 to 100; higher scores indicate greater disease impact (worse outcome). Change is 3, 6, 9, 12-month score minus baseline score. This instrument is only measured for patients with bronchiectasis.
12 months
Change from baseline in Bronchiectasis Symptom Visual Analog Scale (BS-VAS) score at 3, 6, 9, 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
The Bronchiectasis Symptom Visual Analog Scale (BS-VAS) measures overall bronchiectasis symptom burden on a 10-mm visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms. Change is 3, 6, 9, 12-month score minus baseline score. This instrument is only measured for patients with bronchiectasis.
12 months
Change from baseline in St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score at 3, 6, 9, 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score ranges from 0 to 100; higher scores indicate worse health-related quality of life. Administered to participants with asthma or COPD, and to participants with ABPA who have comorbid asthma. Change is 3, 6, 9, 12-month score minus baseline score.
12 months
Lung function parameters
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
Lung function parameters (FEV₁, FVC, and FEV₁/FVC ratio);
12 months
Airway inflammation and immune biomarkers
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
Airway inflammation and immune biomarkers (fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO], peripheral blood eosinophil [EOS] count, and serum IgE levels)
12 months
Oral corticosteroid (OCS) sparing effect in asthma patients
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
Oral corticosteroid (OCS) sparing effect in asthma patients during treatment duration
12 months
Treatment persistence rate of the biologics
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
Treatment persistence rate of the biologics during treatment duration
12 months

Andere uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Safety Objective
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
To evaluate the incidence, types, and severity of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) occurring within 12 months of treatment with the different biologics in patients with chronic airway diseases.
12 months
Exploratory Objectives
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
To explore novel endpoints for biologic treatment in chronic airway diseases, particularly imaging markers derived from high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), such as airway wall thickness and functional small airway disease;
12 months
Discriminative performance (AUROC) of a multimodal deep-learning model for predicting protocol-defined treatment response at 12 months
Tijdsspanne: 12 months
Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for a pre-specified deep-learning model that integrates baseline clinical variables, biomarkers, and chest CT radiomics features to predict protocol-defined treatment response at 12 months. Treatment response is defined as absence of protocol-defined exacerbation during 12-month follow-up. Model input features and the response definition are specified in the statistical analysis plan. AUROC ranges from 0 to 1; higher values indicate better discrimination.
12 months

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China

Onderzoekers

  • Hoofdonderzoeker: Gao Yong-hua, PhD, MD, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China

Publicaties en nuttige links

De persoon die verantwoordelijk is voor het invoeren van informatie over het onderzoek stelt deze publicaties vrijwillig ter beschikking. Dit kan gaan over alles wat met het onderzoek te maken heeft.

Algemene publicaties

Nuttige links

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

30 juli 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)

31 maart 2029

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

16 mei 2029

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

8 september 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

13 september 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

16 september 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

16 september 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

13 september 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 september 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • SHP2026-T2-AIR

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Ja

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

product vervaardigd in en geëxporteerd uit de V.S.

Nee

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