Decreasing Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in Schizophrenia by Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation (CAD)

CAD Risk in Schizophrenia: Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the administration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), can be useful both to reduce coronary artery disease (CAD) risk and illness severity in clinically-stable patients with schizophrenia (or schizoaffective disorder), major depression or bipolar disorder (depressed phase) being treated with lipid lowering drugs (e.g., statins).

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Coronary Artery Disease; Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective Disorder; Bipolar Disorder; Major Depression
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Eicosapentaenoic acid (omega-3 fatty acid); Drug: Placebo

Detailed Description

We propose to study the effects of EPA (2 g of EPA in 4 x 500 mg capsules daily) compared to placebo supplementation in clinically-stable schizophrenic patients being treated with statins (n=30 each) for 4 months using a randomized, double-blind design. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines will be used to select those patients with CAD risk to participate. Clinical assessments and comprehensive assessment of the risk for CAD, including plasma total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- (HDL2- and HDL3-), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- (LDL-Real-, Lp(a)-, and IDL-), and VLDL- (VLDL1,2- and VLDL3-) cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, as well as plasma homocysteine and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, will be conducted at baseline, 1 month, 2 months and 4 months after supplementation. It is anticipated that patients who receive EPA supplementation will have significantly greater reduction in plasma triglycerides and LDL4-cholesterol, and increases in HDL2-cholesterol measures, as well as improvements in psychopathology severity than those patients receiving placebo. If indeed EPA is effective in decreasing the risk of CAD, any psychiatric benefits from EPA supplementation will be a further boon to the patients and the treatment team. A tremendous advantage to the clinical use of EPA includes low cost, no significant side effects, and ease of use.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 57
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Pennsylvania
    • Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15240
      • VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System (University Drive)

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for schizophrenia (or schizoaffective disorder), major depression, or bipolar (depressed phase) disorder who are treated with antipsychotic, antidepressant or antimanic drugs and a lipid-lowering drug (statin) for 2 months or longer will be screened to participate in the proposed project.

• Based upon the CAD risk determinants (see below) and the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommendation of goals for LDL-lowering therapy, the investigators will only enroll schizophrenic patients with baseline (before statin treatment) LDL-cholesterol exceeding:

  • 70 mg/dL having CAD and CAD risk equivalents, e.g., peripheral arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, symptomatic carotid artery disease, and diabetes, as well as multiple risk factors that confer a 10-year risk for CAD > 20%
  • 130 mg/dL having 2 or more risk factors; and
  • 160 mg/dL having less than 2 risk factors to participate in the EPA trial.

In addition, these CAD-risk patients have not reached the NCEP goal level within the past year following statin treatment.

• Risk factors for CAD. The NCEP Expert Panel (NIH Publication No. 01-3670, May 2001) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III or ATPIII) recognizes the following CAD risk factors:

  • being male, 45 years or older, or being female 55 years or older;
  • family history of premature CAD;
  • current cigarette smoking;
  • hypertension with 140/90 mmHg or greater; and
  • low HDL-cholesterol (less than 40 mg/dL).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with history of bleeding disorders, current drug or alcohol abuse (within one month), neurological disorders (including head injury with loss of consciousness for greater than 10 minutes), antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, or mental retardation as indicated in medical records
• Patients who are pregnant (as determined by urine pregnancy test)
• Patients who have already achieved their NCEP goal in terms of their lipid profile (as indicated in laboratory tests) will be excluded.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: 1; Eicosapentaenoic acid (omega-3 fatty acid, 2 g in 4x500 mg softgels daily) + Antipsychotic drug (doctor's choice) treatment for baseline, 1 month, 2 months and 4 months duration.	Drug: Eicosapentaenoic acid (omega-3 fatty acid); 2 g of Eicosapentaenoic acid in 4 x 500 mg capsules daily for baseline, 1 month, 2 months and 4 months; Other Names: EPA
Placebo Comparator: 2; Placebo (soy bean oil, 2 g in 4x500 mg softgels daily) + Antipsychotic drug (doctor's choice) treatment for baseline, 1 month, 2 months and 4 months duration.	Drug: Placebo; 2 g of Placebo (soy bean oil) in 4 x 500 mg capsules daily for baseline, 1 month, 2 months and 4 months; Other Names: Soy bean oil

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Plasma Levels of Triglycerides and Lipoprotein Cholesterol	Biochemical measures: Plasma levels of triglycerides, small dense LDL (LDL3- and LDL4-) cholesterol, large buoyant LDL (LDL1- and LDL2-) cholesterol, and HDL2-cholesterol.	4 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Plasma Cholesterol Levels in Various Lipoprotein Fractions	Biochemical Measures: Plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, Lp(a) cholesterol, IDL-cholesterol, HDL3-cholesterol, VLDL1,2-cholesterol, and VLDL3-cholesterol.	4 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Pittsburgh
• Collaborators: American Heart Association; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Jeffrey K Yao, Ph.D., FACB, University of Pittsburgh and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Appleton KM, Voyias PD, Sallis HM, Dawson S, Ness AR, Churchill R, Perry R. Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 24;11(11):CD004692. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004692.pub5.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: September 1, 2005
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2015
• Study Completion (Actual): December 1, 2015

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 9, 2005
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 9, 2005
• First Posted (Estimate): September 14, 2005

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 10, 2017
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 24, 2017
• Last Verified: February 1, 2017

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Omega-3 fatty acids; Placebos; Statins; Double-blind method; Antidepressant drug; Antipsychotic drug; Antimanic drug; Bipolar (depressed phase)
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Mental Disorders; Pathologic Processes; Heart Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders; Bipolar and Related Disorders; Coronary Artery Disease; Myocardial Ischemia; Coronary Disease; Schizophrenia; Disease; Psychotic Disorders; Bipolar Disorder
• Other Study ID Numbers: AHA 0455676U; VA IRB Protocol ID:02063