Mars Flavanol Exercise and Cognitive Function Study

Study of the Impact of a Flavanol Containing Food Product and Exercise on Cognitive Function and Brain Structure

This is a randomized controlled trial to test the impact of a flavonol containing food product and aerobic exercise on cognitive function and brain structure.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Cognitive Function
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: Flavanol containing food product; Behavioral: Aerobic training; Behavioral: Wait list control; Dietary supplement: Food product lacking flavanol

Detailed Description

I. Background and Significance A. The epidemiology of cognitive aging. Encompassing multiple cognitive domains, higher order thinking includes memory, language, abstract reasoning, and visuospatial ability. A range of studies have established that memory is a cognitive domain differentially targeted by the normal aging process. With an increase in lifespan and a decrease in co-morbid diseases, aging individuals expect to lead cognitively-challenging lives. Even mild forgetfulness, therefore, is no longer considered 'benign'. Indeed, with the exponential growth of the aging population, and since memory decline will occur in all of us as we age, age-related memory decline has emerged as a major societal problem.

B. The anatomy of cognitive aging. A range of studies in humans, non-human primates and rodents have established that the hippocampal formation, a brain circuit vital for memory, is targeted by the aging process. Age-related hippocampal dysfunction is therefore a major contributor to age-related memory decline.

The hippocampal formation is organized as a circuit, made up of separate but interconnected regions, including the entorhinal cortex, the dentate gyrus, the CA subfields, and the subiculum. Because of hippocampal circuit properties, dysfunction in one subregion will affect the function of neighboring subregions and the hippocampal circuit as a whole. Thus, when confronted with any process that causes the hippocampal circuit to malfunction, pinpointing the subregion that is most effected becomes an important goal.

In the case of age-related memory decline, a range of studies in humans, non-human primates, and rodents, have suggested that normal aging causes hippocampal dysfunction by differentially targeting the dentate gyrus.

C. Imaging cognitive aging. The anatomical organization of the hippocampal circuit and the differential vulnerability of the dentate gyrus to cognitive aging imposes specific requirements on brain imaging techniques. Specifically, an imaging technique must be able to assess the functional integrity of the multiple hippocampal subregions, in particular the dentate gyrus. With this in mind, our lab has been dedicated to optimizing a functional brain imaging approach applicable to both the human and rodent hippocampal formation. We have recently achieved this goal, and have been applying our cross-species imaging capabilities to investigate a range of process that affect hippocampal function.

D. Flavanols, exercise, and cognitive aging. Previous studies have established that physical exercise improved hippocampal function. We have recently exploited our cross-species imaging techniques to show, that within the hippocampal circuit, exercise has a selective effect on dentate gyrus function, in humans and in mice. Independently, a recent study has shown that the flavanol epichatechin improves hippocampal function, and importantly, within the hippocampal circuit, epichatechin was found to differentially target the dentate gyrus. Moreover, this study showed that epichatechin coupled with exercise had its greatest effect on dentate gyrus function.

E. Summary. Starting at around 30 years of age, all of us will begin experiencing the insidious cognitive slide of age-related memory decline. With the expansion of aging, age-related memory decline is swelling to epidemic proportions, and ameliorating age-related memory decline has emerged as major societal goal.

This proposal is designed to test the following hypothesis: That flavanols with or without physical exercise will ameliorate age-related memory decline. This hypothesis is informed by two sets of interleaving findings: First, a range of studies have pinpointed dysfunction in the dentate gyrus as a specific brain region contributing to age-related memory decline; and second, flavanol consumption with or without physical exercise enhances memory performance by improving dentate gyrus function.

In order to experimentally test this hypothesis an imaging technique is required that can assess the functional integrity of the dentate gyrus, techniques that are now available. Importantly, these imaging techniques have been developed so that can they can be applied not only to humans but also to animal models, generating the same 'imaging readout'. Cross-species imaging is particularly important for translational studies.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 41
• Phase: Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 50 years to 75 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 50-75
2. English-speaking
3. Ambulatory
4. BMI < 32
5. Post-menopausal (women only), no estrogen replacement therapy
6. VO2max < 36 and 33 ml/kg/min for men age 50-59 and 60-69 respectively; < 29 and 27 ml/kg/min for women age 50-59 and 60-75 respectively.
7. Baecke Physical Activity Sports Score ≤ 2
8. Medical clearance to participate in the study (normal serum electrolyte, BUN, creatinine levels, normal blood pressure and resting cardiogram)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Use of psychotropic medications
2. Current psychiatric disorder
3. Any condition for which aerobic training is counter-indicated
4. Habitual consumers of dietary or herbal supplements, including Gingko, flavonoid, and dietary herbal or plant extracts
5. Lactose Intolerance
6. Individuals who report directly to any of the study investigators
7. Diabetes

Exclusion Criteria (MRI-related)

1. Cardiac Pacemaker
2. Internal Pump
3. Insulin Pump
4. Tattoo eyeliner
5. Wire Sutures
6. Internal Metal Objects
7. Metal Slivers in Eye
8. Prosthesis
9. Hearing Aid Implants
10. Neurostimulator
11. Metal Fragments
12. Brain Aneurysm Clips
13. Vascular Clips
14. Breast Expander
15. Vena Cava Filter
16. Heart Valve
17. Metal Stents
18. Asthma
19. Hay-Fever
20. Sickle Cell Disease
21. Kidney Disease
22. Pregnant

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Factorial Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: exercise, dietary intervention; aerobic training and flavanol containing food product for 12 weeks	Dietary supplement: Flavanol containing food product; 12 weeks, 2X/day, 20g serving; Behavioral: Aerobic training; 4X/week, 1 hour/session at 75% maximum HR
Active Comparator: no exercise, dietary intervention; wait list control plus flavanol containing food product for 12 weeks	Dietary supplement: Flavanol containing food product; 12 weeks, 2X/day, 20g serving; Behavioral: Wait list control; 12 week wait list control condition during which participants abstain from aerobic exercise
Active Comparator: exercise, food product lacking flavanol; aerobic training plus food product without flavanol for 12 weeks	Behavioral: Aerobic training; 4X/week, 1 hour/session at 75% maximum HR; Dietary supplement: Food product lacking flavanol; 20 g serving, 2X/day, food additive lacking flavonol
Placebo Comparator: wait list control food additive without flavanol; wait list control plus food product without flavanol for 12 weeks	Behavioral: Wait list control; 12 week wait list control condition during which participants abstain from aerobic exercise; Dietary supplement: Food product lacking flavanol; 20 g serving, 2X/day, food additive lacking flavonol

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
CBV-fMRI (Cerebral Blood Volume-functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)	In steady state conditions, CBV is an indirect measure of basal metabolism in the brain. CBV-fMRI is a technique that generates maps of basal metabolism across different brain regions	Up to 12 weeks after exercise/dietary intervention exposure
ModBent (Modified Benton Visual Retention Test)	This is an object recognition task. Participants view a complex stimulus, then are asked to select which one of two objects was identical to the studied stimulus. After a series of these matching trials, during the subsequent recognition trials participants are shown serially individual complex objects and asked to indicate whether the object was identical to any of the target stimuli viewed during the matching trials. Their reaction time for correct responses, measured in milliseconds, is the unit of measurement.	Up to 12 weeks after exercise/dietary intervention exposure

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Modified Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test	Participants are read a list of words over three learning trials and the subject is asked to free recall as many words as possible after each trial. These 3 trials are followed by 1 learning trial of a distracter list and then a short delayed free recall trial of the initial list. After approximately 60-minutes, subjects are asked to freely recall words from the initial list, then to recall words form the distracter list, and then complete a forced-choice recognition trial. A source memory trial is administered in which subjects are read each presented word and then asked to identify whether they were initially presented during the 3 learning trials or during the distracter trial. Measured as a retention score (ratio) for which the number of words recalled after the short delay is divided by the number of words recalled on the third learning trial.	Up to 12 weeks after exercise/dietary intervention exposure
VO2max	measured at randomization, i.e., before exposure to the intervention, and then again after completion of the 12-week intervention	Up to 12 weeks after exercise/dietary intervention exposure

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: New York State Psychiatric Institute
• Collaborators: Mars, Inc.
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Scott A Small, MD, Columbia University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Pereira AC, Huddleston DE, Brickman AM, Sosunov AA, Hen R, McKhann GM, Sloan R, Gage FH, Brown TR, Small SA. An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 27;104(13):5638-43. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0611721104. Epub 2007 Mar 20.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: December 1, 2009
• Primary Completion (Actual): October 1, 2013
• Study Completion (Actual): October 1, 2013

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 21, 2010
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 10, 2010
• First Posted (Estimate): August 11, 2010

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): December 5, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 9, 2018
• Last Verified: November 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: exercise; flavonol; dentate gyrus; cerebral blood volume; dentate gyrus CBV
• Other Study ID Numbers: 5804