The Summer Camp Study 2: Blood Glucose Control With a Bi-Hormonal Endocrine Pancreas

The Summer Camp Study 2: Outpatient Automated Blood Glucose Control With a Bi-Hormonal Bionic Endocrine Pancreas in a Pediatric Population Ages 6-11 at the Clara Barton Diabetes Camps

This study will test the hypothesis that a wearable automated bionic pancreas system that automatically delivers both insulin and glucagon can improve glycemic control vs. usual care for young people with type 1 diabetes ages 6-11 years old in a diabetes camp environment.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Type 1 Diabetes
• Intervention / Treatment: Device: Bionic Pancreas; Other: Usual Care

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 19
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Massachusetts
    • Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114
      • Massachusetts General Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 6 years to 11 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria

• Age 6-11 years with type 1 diabetes for at least one year
• Diabetes managed using an insulin infusion pump for ≥ three months
• Willing to wear two infusion sets and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor and change sets frequently (at least one new glucagon infusion set daily)
• Otherwise healthy (mild chronic disease such as asthma will be allowed if well controlled that do not require medications that result in exclusion)

Exclusion Criteria

• Unable to provide informed consent, informed assent or parental consent
• Unable to comply with study procedures
• Current participation in another diabetes-related clinical trial that, in the judgment of the principal investigator, will compromise the results of this study or the safety of the subject
• End stage renal disease on dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis)
• Pregnancy (positive urine human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG])
• History of liver disease that is expected to interfere with the anti-hypoglycemia action of glucagon (e.g. liver failure or cirrhosis). Other liver disease (i.e. active hepatitis, steatosis, active biliary disease, any tumor of the liver, hemochromatosis, glycogen storage disease) may exclude the subject if it causes significant compromise to liver function or may do so in an unpredictable fashion
• Personal history of cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, or other pancreatic disease, including pancreatic tumor or insulinoma
• History of prolonged QT or arrhythmia, congenital heart disease or current known cardiac disease
• Acute illness (other than non-vomiting viral illness) or exacerbation of chronic illness other than type 1 diabetes (T1D) at the time of the study
• Seizure disorder, history of any seizure within the last two years, or ongoing treatment with anticonvulsants
• Untreated or inadequately treated mental illness (indicators would include symptoms such as psychosis, hallucinations, mania, and any psychiatric hospitalization in the last year), or treatment with second generation anti-psychotic medications, which are known to affect glucose regulation.
• Electrically powered implants (e.g. cochlear implants, neurostimulators) that might be susceptible to radio-frequency (RF) interference
• Use of oral (e.g. thiazolidinediones, biguanides, sulfonylureas, glitinides, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors) anti-diabetic medications
• History of adverse reaction to glucagon (including allergy) besides nausea and vomiting.
• Unwilling or unable to completely avoid acetaminophen during the comparator and bionic pancreas arms of the study
• History of eating disorder such as anorexia, bulimia, or diabulemia or omission of insulin to manipulate weight
• History of intentional, inappropriate administration of insulin leading to severe hypoglycemia requiring treatment
• Any factors that, in the opinion of the principal investigator, would interfere with the safe completion of the study procedures

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Bionic Pancreas; Bionic Pancreas diabetes management, a wearable bionic pancreas system that automatically delivers insulin and glucagon using a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device, for 5 days.	Device: Bionic Pancreas; Automated blood glucose control via a closed-loop bionic pancreas device.; Other Names: Boston University Bionic Pancreas
Experimental: Usual Care; Usual Care diabetes management in a diabetes camp environment including a nurse or nursing student assigned to each cabin and review and adjustment of the insulin regimen daily by a physician or nurse practitioner, all participants using the participant's own insulin pump and a continuous glucose monitor if they use one as part of their usual care, for 5 days.	Other: Usual Care; As a comparator control, usual diabetes camp care with the participant's own insulin pump.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Mean Continuous Glucose Monitoring Glucose (CGMG) Values During Days 2 to 5	Glucose reading were taken every 5 minutes by the CGM. The CGM glucose results during Days 2 through 5 were averaged.	Days 2 to 5 of each period
Percentage of Time Spent With CGMG Concentration < 60 mg/dL During Days 2 to 5	Glucose reading were taken every 5 minutes by the CGM. The percentage of time that the glucose concentration was less than 60 mg/dL [3.3 millimoles/liter (mmol/L)] during Days 2 through 5 was calculated.	Days 2 to 5 of each period

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Mean CGMG Values	Glucose reading were taken every 5 minutes by the CGM. The glucose results for each time frame were averaged.	Day 1 and Days 1-5 in each period
Percentage of Time With CGMG Concentration by Ranges During Day 1	Glucose readings were taken every 5 minutes by the CGM. The percentage of time that the glucose concentration was less than the following ranges were calculated: < 50 mg/dL(2.8 mmol/L), < 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), 70-180 mg/dL (3.9 to 10.0 mmol/L), > 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L).	Day 1 of each period
Percentage of Time With CGMG Concentration by Ranges During Days 1 to 5	Glucose readings were taken every 5 minutes by the CGM. The percentage of time that the glucose concentration was less than the following ranges were calculated: < 50 mg/dl (2.8 mmol/L), < 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/L), 70-180 mg/dl (3.9 to 10.0 mmol/L), > 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L).	Days 1 to 5 of each period
Percentage of Time With CGMG Concentration by Ranges During Days 2 to 5	Glucose readings were taken every 5 minutes by the CGM. The percentage of time that the glucose concentration was less than the following ranges were calculated: < 50 mg/dl (2.8 mmol/L), < 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/L), 70-180 mg/dl (3.9 to 10.0 mmol/L), > 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L).	Days 2 to 5 of each period
Percentage of Participants With Mean CGMG Glucose <154 mg/dL	Glucose reading were taken every 5 minutes by the CGM. The glucose readings were averaged. 154 mg/dL was the estimated average glucose corresponding to a Hemoglobin A1C of 7.0%.	Day 1, Days 1-5, and Days 2-5 of each period
Percentage of Participants With Mean CGMG Glucose <169 mg/dL	Glucose reading were taken every 5 minutes by the CGM. The glucose readings were averaged. 169 mg/dL was the estimated average glucose corresponding to a Hemoglobin A1C of 7.5%.	Day 1, Days 1-5, and Days 2-5 of each period
Percentage of Participants With Mean CGMG Glucose <183 mg/dL	Glucose reading were taken every 5 minutes by the CGM. The glucose readings were averaged. 183 mg/dL was the estimated average glucose corresponding to a Hemoglobin A1C of 8.0%.	Day 1, Days 1-5, and Days 2-5 of each period
Number of CGMG Reported Hypoglycemic Events (< 70 mg/dL, < 60 mg/dL, <50 mg/dL)	A series of hypoglycemic measurements is defined as a single event until there is a break of ≥ 30 minutes between measurements below the defined thresholds of < 70, < 60, and <50 mg/dL.	Days 1-5
Mean Plasma Glucose Values	Fingerstick plasma glucose measurements were obtained before meals, at bedtime, at midnight, and at about 3:45 AM (six scheduled measurements). The plasma glucose readings were averaged. The plasma glucose results on Day 1, Days 1 to 5 and Days 2 to 5 were averaged.	Day 1, Days 1 to 5, and Days 2 to 5 of each period
Percentage of Time With Plasma Glucose Values by Ranges on Day 1	Fingerstick plasma glucose measurements were obtained before meals, at bedtime, at midnight, and at about 3:45 AM (six scheduled measurements). The percentage of time that the plasma glucose concentration was less than the following ranges were calculated: < 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/L), < 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L), < 50 mg/dl (2.8 mmol/L).	Day 1 of each period
Percentage of Time With Plasma Glucose Values by Ranges on Days 1 to 5	Fingerstick plasma glucose measurements were obtained before meals, at bedtime, at midnight, and at about 3:45 AM (six scheduled measurements). The percentage of time that the plasma glucose concentration was less than the following ranges were calculated: < 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), < 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L), < 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L).	Days 1 to 5 of each period
Percentage of Time With Plasma Glucose Values by Ranges on Days 2 to 5	Fingerstick plasma glucose measurements were obtained before meals, at bedtime, at midnight, and at about 3:45 AM (six scheduled measurements). The percentage of time that the plasma glucose concentration was less than the following ranges were calculated: < 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/L), < 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L), < 50 mg/dl (2.8 mmol/L).	Days 2 to 5 of each period
Percentage of Participants With Mean Plasma Glucose <154 mg/dL	Fingerstick plasma glucose measurements were obtained before meals, at bedtime, at midnight, and at about 3:45 AM (six scheduled measurements). The plasma glucose readings were averaged. 154 mg/dL was the estimated average glucose corresponding to a Hemoglobin A1C of 7.0%.	Day 1, Days 1 to 5, and Days 2 to 5 of each period
Percentage of Participants With Mean Plasma Glucose <169 mg/dL	Fingerstick plasma glucose measurements were obtained before meals, at bedtime, at midnight, and at about 3:45 AM (six scheduled measurements). The plasma glucose readings were averaged. 169 mg/dL was the estimated average glucose corresponding to a Hemoglobin A1C of 7.5%.	Day 1, Days 1 to 5, and Days 2 to 5 of each period
Percentage of Participants With Mean Plasma Glucose <183 mg/dL	Fingerstick plasma glucose measurements were obtained before meals, at bedtime, at midnight, and at about 3:45 AM (six scheduled measurements). The plasma glucose readings were averaged. 183 mg/dL was the estimated average glucose corresponding to a Hemoglobin A1C of 8.0%.	Day 1, Days 1 to 5, and Days 2 to 5 of each period
Number of Plasma Glucose Reported Hypoglycemic Events (< 70 mg/dL, < 60 mg/dL, <50 mg/dL)	A series of hypoglycemic measurements is defined as a single event until there is a break of ≥ 30 minutes between measurements below the defined thresholds of < 70, < 60, and <50 mg/dL.	Days 1-5
Percentage of Days That CGM Data Was Used by Participants as Part of Their Usual Care	The percentage of days during the Usual Care period that participants used CGM data as part of their diabetes management.	Day 1, Days 1-5, and Days 2-5 of the Usual Care Period
Number of Carbohydrate Interventions for Hypoglycemia When Plasma Glucose <70 mg/dL	Fingerstick plasma glucose measurements were obtained before meals, at bedtime, at midnight, and at about 3:45 AM (six scheduled measurements). Participants were given 15 grams (g) of simple carbohydrates if their plasma glucose concentration dropped below 4.4 mmol/L. These simple carbohydrates were counted as interventions for study outcomes if the plasma glucose concentration was less than 3.9 mmol/L. A second intervention of 15 g of carbohydrate was given if a repeat measurement in 15-20 min was less than 3.9 mmol/L. The total number of carbohydrate interventions are reported.	Day 1, Days 1-5, and Days 2-5 of each period
Grams of Carbohydrate Taken for Hypoglycemia When Plasma Glucose <70 mg/dL	Fingerstick plasma glucose measurements were obtained before meals, at bedtime, at midnight, and at about 3:45 AM (six scheduled measurements). Participants were given 15 grams (g) of simple carbohydrates if their plasma glucose concentration dropped below 4.4 mmol/L. These simple carbohydrates were counted as interventions for study outcomes if the plasma glucose concentration was less than 3.9 mmol/L. A second intervention of 15 g of carbohydrate was given if a repeat measurement in 15-20 min was less than 3.9 mmol/L.	Day 1, Days 1-5, and Days 2-5 of each period
Insulin Total Daily Dose	Insulin total daily dose is reported in units per kilogram per day (U/kg/day).	11 days
Glucagon Total Daily Dose Levels in the Bionic Pancreas Arm	Glucagon dose level is reported in micrograms per kilogram of body mass per day (µg/kg/day).	Day 1, Days 1-5, and Days 2-5 of each period
Daily Basal Insulin Dose in the Bionic Pancreas Period	The bionic pancreas automatically adapted insulin dosing to each individual's needs. When CGM data were not available (because of sensor failure or during the warm-up time after sensor replacement), the bionic pancreas automatically delivered a dose of basal insulin based on the mean basal dosing it had calculated at that time on previous days. Daily basal insulin dose is reported in units per kilogram (kg) per day (U/kg).	Day 1 through Day 5
Daily Bolus Insulin Dose in the Bionic Pancreas Period	The first time the bionic pancreas was used in each participant, a partial meal-priming bolus based on the participant's body mass (0.05 units/kg) was delivered. After the first use, the size of the meal-priming bolus was adapted by the bionic pancreas to 75% of the 4-hour prandial insulin used for that meal type and size. Daily bolus insulin dose is reported in units per kilogram (kg) per day (U/kg).	Day 1 through Day 5
Carbohydrate Intake	Carbohydrate intake included meals, snacks and unscheduled carbohydrates administered when a participant's blood glucose was <80 mg/dl (or for symptoms at any glucose level). Carbohydrate intake per day was averaged and is reported in grams (g) per kilogram (kg) per day (g/kg/day).	Day 1, Days 1-5 and Days 2-5
Number of Unscheduled Infusion Set Changes	Infusion sets for administering insulin and glucagon were placed under the skin the in the abdomen, buttocks, arms, or legs. Infusion set changes due to pain, infusion set falling out or infusion set failure are reported. Camp policy was to suspect failure of the infusion set whenever ketonemia occurred, so failures may not have actually been set failures, but rather failure to deliver enough insulin.	Day 1
Number of Unscheduled Infusion Set Changes	Infusion sets for administering insulin and glucagon were placed under the skin the in the abdomen, buttocks, arms, or legs. Infusion set changes due to pain, infusion set falling out or infusion set failure are reported. Camp policy was to suspect failure of the infusion set whenever ketonemia occurred, so failures may not have actually been set failures, but rather failure to deliver enough insulin.	Days 1-5
Number of Unscheduled Infusion Set Changes	Infusion sets for administering insulin and glucagon were placed under the skin the in the abdomen, buttocks, arms, or legs. Infusion set changes due to pain, infusion set falling out or infusion set failure are reported. Camp policy was to suspect failure of the infusion set whenever ketonemia occurred, so failures may not have actually been set failures, but rather failure to deliver enough insulin.	Days 2-5
Number of Bionic Pancreas Local Infusion Site Reactions	Local infusion site reactions are defined as pain at the infusion site of the Bionic Pancreas. Itching and redness may have also been present.	Day 1, Days 1-5 and Days 2-5
Mean Nausea Index Score Using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)	Participants rated their nausea using a 0 to 10 centimeter (cm) VAS where 0=least severe nausea to 10=most severe nausea. The average nausea index scores from Day 1 to Day 5 were calculated	Day 1, Days 1-5, and Days 2-5 in each period
Number of Severe Hypoglycemic Events	A severe hypoglycemic event is an event where the participant is unable to self-treat and requires the assistance of another person.	Day 1, Days 1-5 and Days 2-5
Percentage of Time Participants Were Not Under Bionic Pancreas Control During the Bionic Pancreas Period	Percentage of time that the Bionic pancreas was not functioning properly due to loss of wireless connectivity.	5 days
Percentage of Time Without CGM Monitoring Data	Percentage of time without CGM monitoring data is the time when the participant's CGM device lost its CGM signal.	5 days
Change From Baseline in Body Weight	The change in body weight collected at Day 5 of each period relative to Baseline. A negative change from Baseline indicates a reduction in body weight and a positive change from Baseline indicates an increase in body weight.	5 days
Reliability Index	Reliability index was calculated as the percentage of time values were actually recorded by CGM.	Day 1, Days 1-5, and Days 2-5 in each period
List of Technical Faults Associated With the Bionic Pancreas Including Cause and Resolution		5 days
Number of Unscheduled CGM Sensor Changes	The number of time a CGM sensor was replaced due to falling out or failing to report a glucose value.	5 days
Percentage of Participants Using a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonist During the Usual Care Period	The percentage of participants who used a GLP-1 agonist to manage their diabetes during the Usual Care period.	5 days
Percentage of Participants Using Pramlintide During the Usual Care Period	The percentage of participants who used pramlintide to manage their diabetes during the Usual Care period.	5 days

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Massachusetts General Hospital
• Collaborators: Boston University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Russell SJ, Hillard MA, Balliro C, Magyar KL, Selagamsetty R, Sinha M, Grennan K, Mondesir D, Ekhlaspour L, Zheng H, Damiano ER, El-Khatib FH. Day and night glycaemic control with a bionic pancreas versus conventional insulin pump therapy in preadolescent children with type 1 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Mar;4(3):233-243. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00489-1. Epub 2016 Feb 3. Erratum In: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Mar;6(3):e3.

Helpful Links

• Information about this and related studies

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: June 1, 2014
• Primary Completion (Actual): August 1, 2014
• Study Completion (Actual): August 1, 2014

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 2, 2014
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 2, 2014
• First Posted (Estimate): April 7, 2014

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): October 20, 2017
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 19, 2017
• Last Verified: October 1, 2017

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: pediatrics; children; glucagon; insulin pump; artificial pancreas; insulin; outpatient; bionic pancreas; continuous glucose monitoring (CGM); camp; summer camp
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Gastrointestinal Agents; Pancrelipase; Pancreatin
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2014P000630