A Multilevel Gaming Intervention for Persons on PrEP

December 17, 2020 updated by: Laura Whiteley, Rhode Island Hospital
This study will develop and test a novel, smartphone based gaming intervention to improve adherence to medication to prevent HIV (known as Pre-exposure Prophylaxis, PrEP) and to decrease HIV risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM). In the intervention, participants will engage with an immersive app/game on their iPhone. While gaming, participants will gain information about their health, improve motivation for PrEP and medical appointment adherence, and practice healthy behaviors. If the intervention is found to be effective, it can be tested in a larger study and then disseminated to other people taking PrEP.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

The use of antiretroviral medications to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV infection (Pre-exposure Prophylaxis, PrEP) is an efficacious and promising new prevention strategy. In published studies, failure of PrEP was associated with poor adherence and low plasma drug levels. This indicates that optimal PrEP treatment will require behavioral interventions to promote adherence. Averting increases in risk behavior will also be essential for maintaining PrEP's protective effects. Interventions will need to address on-going HIV risk behavior and be relevant for persons using PrEP (e.g. young adult MSM). Borrowing from recent literature in HIV prevention and treatment adherence, interventions that utilize intuitive easy to use technologies with motivational components show promise for behavior change and dissemination.

This study will examine an interactive smartphone based app/game that is immersive and appealing. This novel, but intuitive multi-level technology will measure PrEP adherence, promote engagement in treatment and safe sexual behavior. The smartphone app/game will be developed to include content consistent with the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model. While gaming, participants will experience absorbing action-oriented adventures that increase information about their health (e.g. knowledge about PrEP treatment and HIV), improve motivation (e.g. action-figures experience health benefits of adherence), and build skills (e.g. utilize clinicians as partners, condom self efficacy). In-depth interviews with young adults on PrEP and an open trial of the intervention will inform the development of the intervention and procedures. A small randomized controlled pilot study among 50 participants on PrEP will examine the preliminary efficacy of the intervention (IMB informed app/game). It is hypothesized that, compared to subjects in the control group, participants in the IMB Gaming Intervention will show: improved adherence to PrEP, higher blood ARV levels, decreased HIV risk behaviors, and improved self efficacy and attitudes for PrEP treatment adherence.

The specific aims are:

  1. To create an engaging and absorbing smartphone based app/game with content consistent with the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model to measure and improve PrEP treatment adherence and safer sex behaviors, and to receive feedback on the game's utility and acceptability from in-depth interviews with MSM (estimated mean age 27).
  2. To conduct an open trial of the IMB Gaming Intervention with MSM to obtain further qualitative and quantitative information on its acceptability, and feasibility. These data will be used to modify the approach and technology as needed.
  3. To evaluate, in a 24 week randomized controlled pilot study (n=50), the preliminary efficacy of the IMB Gaming Intervention compared to a time, attention, and technology matched group. Investigators will examine the impact of the IMB Gaming Intervention in improving treatment adherence (measured by clinic visits attended, self-report) and biological measures (ARV levels). Investigators will also examine the impact on HIV risk behaviors.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

82

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • United States
    • Rhode Island
      • Providence, Rhode Island, United States, 02903
        • Rhode Island Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

Male

Description

Inclusion Criteria: All males on PrEP over the age of 18

  • English speaking
  • Receiving prophylactic antiretroviral treatment
  • Not enrolled in another PrEP related study
  • Able to give consent/assent and not impaired by cognitive or medical limitations as per clinical assessment.

Exclusion Criteria:

-

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention
Subjects in the intervention group will each receive a smartphone with a data service plan as the active arm. The IMB Gaming Intervention is designed to improve information, motivation, and skills about adherence and HIV preventative behaviors throughout play. The mission of Viral Combat is: kill virus and build strength through taking medicine, learning HIV prevention information, and engaging with healthy characters in order to improve motivation and build skills. Participants will get a game graphic with a supportive message such as "Missing you: Get in the Game" to their phones. Throughout the gaming intervention subjects will continue routine clinical care visits and HIV testing in the PrEP clinic.
Behavioral: IMB Gaming Intervention
No Intervention: Comparison
This condition will be matched with the IMB Gaming Intervention for appeal, time and attention. Subjects in COMP will each receive smartphones with the same data service plan as the active arm. Smartphones given to participants in COMP will have a stylistically similar non-PrEP, non-IMB game designed by Mission Critical Studios (Dr. Nano X: Incredible Voyage Inside The Body, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyHzSZFzU1Q ). This is the same game that Viral Combat is being adapted from. Therefore, the iPhone game in COMP will have a look and feel that is very similar to our intervention game but without IMB, PrEP, and HIV prevention related content. Similar to the Intervention group, participants will have routine clinical care visits in the PrEP clinic (or more frequently if needed for urgent care).

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Self-Report of PrEP Adherence
Time Frame: 24 weeks
Self-report measure of adherence in the past 7 days categorized as "optimal" (0-3 missed doses in the past 7 days) versus "suboptimal" (4-7 missed doses in the past 7 days).
24 weeks
ARV (TFV-DP) Levels
Time Frame: 24 weeks
Intracellular TFV-DP will be measured in red blood cells using dried blood spots. TFV-DP levels provide a measure of long-term adherence over the preceding month (like hemoglobin A1C). The level of intracellular TFV-DP can be used to estimate how many doses/week the participant is taking on average (e.g. 7/wk on average, 4-7/wk on average, 2-4/wk on average, <2/wk on average).
24 weeks
Average Number of Days on PrEP Per Week
Time Frame: 24 weeks
The level of intracellular TFV-DP can be used to estimate how many doses/week the participant is taking on average in the past month (e.g. 7/wk on average, 4-7/wk on average, 2-4/wk on average, <2/wk on average).
24 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
HIV Knowledge at 24 Weeks
Time Frame: 24 weeks
The HIV Knowledge Scale assesses knowledge about issues such as risks for HIV, using 5 items with "true," "false," or "do not know" response options. Total scores range from 0 to 5. Higher scores indicate greater knowledge.
24 weeks
Motivational Readiness for Adherence at 24 Weeks
Time Frame: 24 weeks
Rollnick's Readiness Ruler will be used to assess motivation for adherence to medication and medical visits. Respondents rate how ready they are to take PrEP as prescribed on a scale from 1 (not ready) to 10 (ready to be consistent or already consistent) each month.
24 weeks

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Social Support for Medication Adherence
Time Frame: 24 weeks
This six item measure assesses social support for taking medications, going to medical appointments and other tasks related to adherence using Likert style items with a four point scale. Scores range from 6 to 24 Higher scores indicate greater social support.
24 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Rhode Island Hospital

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Laura Whiteley, MD, Brown University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

April 1, 2015

Primary Completion (Actual)

November 1, 2018

Study Completion (Actual)

December 1, 2019

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

November 3, 2015

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

November 19, 2015

First Posted (Estimate)

November 20, 2015

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

January 12, 2021

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

December 17, 2020

Last Verified

December 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 1R34MH104068 (U.S. NIH Grant/Contract)

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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