The Effects of Exercise on Executive Functions

UC Reliance# 3107: Exercise and the Brain: Measuring Executive Functions During and Following an Acute Bout of Aerobic Exercise

The purpose of this research is to develop an assessment protocol that can be used to study the effect of different intensities of exercise on executive functions (EF: attention, working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility). It has been shown that exercise has the potential to improve the development of EF in healthy and special needs children. However, many exercise interventions in the literature lack rigorous control of critical components, such as intensity, making it difficult to draw conclusions about what type and how much exercise might be most beneficial for EF. In addition, to date, no studies have been able to demonstrate the engagement of EF during exercise. This study will focus on developing an assay that measures important self-regulation or EF sub-processes (e.g., attention and inhibitory control) as well as examining engagement of these targets during different exercise intensities. Participants will exercise in different intensities on a cycle ergometer and perform cognitive assessments before, during, and after exercise to evaluate EF. This research will allow us to develop an assessment protocol that can be used in future research to understand the underlying mechanisms underpinning the effects of exercise on EF.

Study Overview

• Status: Withdrawn
• Conditions: The Effects of Exercise on Executive Functions
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Exercise

Detailed Description

Self-regulation, self-control, and executive functioning are umbrella constructs that encompass processes involved in exerting control over cognitive and behavioral processes. Self-regulation was described as an ability reflecting mature cognition: Mature cognition is characterized by abilities that include being able: (a) to hold information in mind, including complicated representational structures, to mentally manipulate that information and to act on the basis of it, (b) to act on the basis of choice rather than impulse, exercising self-control (or self-regulation) by resisting inappropriate behaviors and responding appropriately, and (c) to quickly and flexibly adapt behavior to changing situations. These abilities are referred to respectively as working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. Together they are key components of both "cognitive control" and "executive functions…" Some researchers have proposed an integrative framework of self-regulation than encompasses executive functions and self-control. Thus, in this proposal, we have adopted such an integrative framework whereby self-regulation encompasses executive functions, self-control, and other sub-processes. As noted in the specific aims, our meta-analysis and narrative review examining the impact of 28 physical activity (PA) and exercise interventions on EF outcomes in healthy children reported that the targets often shown to improve after exercise were attention, working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, and preliminary research suggests the strongest effects are on attention and inhibition. The goal of this project is to develop an assay to examine engagement of attention and inhibitory control across several rigorously controlled exercise conditions. This proposal is built on an integrative framework whereby self-regulation encompasses executive functions (EF), self-control, and other sub-processes. Although there is a growing awareness of the benefits of exercise on self-regulatory processes in children including EF, there are still many critical gaps in the research. A recent publication which is a meta-analysis and narrative review examining the impact of 28 physical activity and exercise interventions on EF outcomes in healthy children that highlights some of these gaps. Although earlier results showed that interventions had a significant, small to moderate positive effect on EF, the effects varied widely across studies. This research informed this application in several ways. First, no study demonstrated how or why the interventions improved EF outcomes. Additionally, the behavioral assays or measures varied widely targeting numerous components of EF. The EF targets most often shown to improve after exercise were attention, working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility (each improved in at least five of the included studies). These findings are consistent with recent work at the UC Irvine Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC); in studies with healthy children and children with special needs, improvements were found after exercise in all four components. Few, if any, studies have been able to demonstrate empirically why participants exhibit improvements in EF after exercise, and studies have not yet demonstrated engagement of EF during exercise. Thus, there is a need to understand why exercise seems to improve these targets. However, the tools used in exercise research to date are limited. Many have been adopted from developmental or educational research, rather than developed specifically to test targets in exercise research; our search yielded only one published measure of self-regulation (cognitive, affective, and motor self-regulation) that has been administered during physical activity. This proposal begins to address these gaps in the literature, by focusing on the development of an assay for important EF targets are improved through exercise and by testing engagement of these targets during exercise of varying intensity

• Study Type: Interventional
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • California
    • Irvine, California, United States, 92697/92617
      • Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, University of California, Irvine

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 10 years to 15 years (Child)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Absence of health problems that would preclude participation in exercise
• Male or female between the ages of 10-15 years inclusive at the time of consent
• Minimum level of intellectual functioning, as determined by an IQ (based on cognitive testing) score of 80 or above
• Ability to complete EF testing in English

Exclusion Criteria:

• Other limitations which in the opinion of a physician would preclude ability to perform exercise testing
• Use of illegal drugs or abuse of alcohol based on self-report during screening (this will occur during the one-on-one brief psychological evaluation)
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding based on urine sample test

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: The Effects of Light Exercise in Executive Functions; The effects of light exercise in executive functions of adolescents	Other: Exercise; The effects of exercise with different intensity on the executive functions of adolescents
Experimental: The Effects of Moderate Exercise in Executive Functions; The effects of moderate exercise in executive functions of adolescents	Other: Exercise; The effects of exercise with different intensity on the executive functions of adolescents
Experimental: The Effects of Heavy Exercise in Executive Functions; The effects of heavy exercise in executive functions of adolescents	Other: Exercise; The effects of exercise with different intensity on the executive functions of adolescents

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The Effects of Light, Moderate and Heavy Exercise on Attention	Attention will be tested with the Hearts and Flowers test	4 weeks
The Effects of Light, Moderate and Heavy Exercise on Working Memory	Working Memory will be tested with the Hearts and Flowers test	4 weeks
The Effects of Light, Moderate and Heavy Exercise on Inhibition	Inhibition will be tested with Stroop Color-Word test	4 weeks
The Effects of Light, Moderate and Heavy Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility	Cognitive Flexibility will be tested with Stroop Color-Word test	4 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
The Effects of Light, Moderate and Heavy Exercise on temporal dynamics of executive function processes	The temporal dynamics of executive function processes will be measured with EEG/Event-Related Potential (ERP) test	4 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of California, Irvine

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): September 6, 2017
• Primary Completion (Actual): September 6, 2017
• Study Completion (Actual): September 6, 2017

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 21, 2019
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 21, 2019
• First Posted (Actual): February 25, 2019

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): February 12, 2021
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 9, 2021
• Last Verified: February 1, 2021

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Other Study ID Numbers: 2017-3836

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No