The Balance Recovery Confidence (Brc) Scale

May 20, 2025 updated by: Abdulkadir dağbaşı, Necmettin Erbakan University

Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Validation of the Balance Recovery Confidence Scale (BRCS) in Older Turkish Adults

The goal of this observational cross-sectional study is to evaluate the cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Turkish version of the Balance Recovery Confidence Scale (BRCS), named Dengeyi Düzeltmede Kendine Güven Ölçeği (DDKGÖ), in older Turkish adults aged 65 and above. The main questions it aims to answer are:

Does the Turkish adaptation (DDKGÖ) demonstrate acceptable cultural validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability in measuring balance recovery confidence?

How does the DDKGÖ correlate with established tools assessing fear of falling, balance confidence, and physical performance (e.g., FES-I, ABC, TUG) to confirm convergent validity?

Participants will:

Complete the DDKGÖ questionnaire twice (7 days apart) to assess test-retest reliability.

Undergo physical performance tests (e.g., Timed Up and Go, Handgrip Strength Test, 30-Second Chair Stand Test).

Provide responses to additional self-report scales (FES-I, ABC) to evaluate convergent validity.

This study focuses on community-dwelling older adults without severe cognitive or physical impairments. Results will help standardize the DDKGÖ as a tool for identifying fall risk and personalizing rehabilitation strategies in Turkish geriatric populations.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Detailed Description

This observational psychometric study is designed to establish the cultural validity, reliability, and overall measurement performance of the Turkish adaptation of the Balance Recovery Confidence Scale (DDKGÖ) in community-dwelling older adults. After obtaining informed consent and confirming basic eligibility, participants will undergo a two-phase assessment protocol with a one-week interval between phases.

During Phase 1, each participant will complete a structured interview and self-report questionnaires in a single session. These include the 19-item DDKGÖ (to assess reactive balance confidence), the Falls Efficacy Scale-International, and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale. Trained assessors will also record demographic and health information (e.g., age, sex, comorbidities, history of falls) and administer a battery of standardized performance tests-such as the Timed Up and Go, 30-Second Chair Stand, Tinetti Balance & Gait, and Handgrip Strength tests-to evaluate convergent validity.

Exactly seven days later, in Phase 2, participants will return to repeat the DDKGÖ under identical conditions to evaluate test-retest stability. All sessions will be conducted in the same clinical setting by the same examiners, using standardized instructions and order of administration to minimize procedural variability.

Collected data will be anonymized and entered into a secure database. Statistical analyses will include exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to examine structural validity, calculation of internal consistency (e.g., Cronbach's α), intraclass correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability, Bland-Altman limits of agreement to quantify measurement error, and correlation analyses with existing balance- and fear-of-fall measures and performance tests to establish convergent validity.

By following this stepwise process-translation verification, initial validity and reliability testing, and retest assessment-this study will provide a comprehensive evaluation of whether the DDKGÖ is suitable for use in both research and clinical practice to identify older Turkish adults at elevated fall risk and to monitor changes in their confidence to recover from postural disturbances.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

95

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey
      • Konya, Turkey
        • Necmettin Erbakan University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sampling Method

Probability Sample

Study Population

The study population will consist of community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and older, recruited from a single center in Turkey. Participants must be literate in Turkish, capable of independent living (with or without walking aids), and able to perform basic mobility tasks such as walking 6 meters within 12 seconds. Exclusion criteria will include cognitive impairment (MMSE ≤23), mobility limitations (Timed Up and Go >12 seconds), recent fractures (within the last 6 months), severe cardiopulmonary or neurological conditions, and significant sensory impairments. Educational background, fall history, and sociodemographic characteristics will be documented to describe the sample.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Age ≥65 years.
  • Community-dwelling individuals capable of independent living (use of walking aids permitted).
  • Literate in Turkish.
  • Ability to complete 6 meters of walking within 12 seconds.
  • Ability to grasp a 30 cm ruler with both hands.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Requiring assisted mobility outside the home.
  • Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤23.
  • Timed Up and Go (TUG) test duration >12 seconds.
  • Active malignancy or history of myocardial infarction/cardiac surgery within the last 3 months.
  • Structural heart disease, severe COPD, or oxygen dependence.
  • Musculoskeletal/neurologic disorders affecting balance or muscle function (e.g., Parkinson's disease, stroke sequelae, multiple sclerosis, severe dementia, epilepsy).
  • Fracture within the last 6 months.
  • Vision or hearing loss impairing assessment participation.
  • Inability to provide informed consent.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Balance Recovery Confidence Scale (BRCS)
Time Frame: Start (initial assessment session, Day 1) and 7 days later (follow-up session on Day 8)
The BRCS is a 19-item self-report scale developed to assess individuals' perception of self-efficacy for the restoration of balance after postural perturbations (such as stumbling, slipping, sudden loss of balance).
Start (initial assessment session, Day 1) and 7 days later (follow-up session on Day 8)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Falls Efficacy Scale-International ( FES-I )
Time Frame: Baseline administration (Day 1)
The FES-I is a valid and reliable self-report scale consisting of 16 items designed to assess the subjective level of concern about the fear of falling during activities of daily living.
Baseline administration (Day 1)
Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale ( ABC )
Time Frame: Baseline administration (Day 1)
The ABC is a sixteen-item self-report tool that subjectively assesses individuals' confidence levels in maintaining balance during activities of daily living.
Baseline administration (Day 1)
Timed Up and Go ( TUG )
Time Frame: Baseline administration (Day 1)
The TUG is a standardized clinical performance measurement protocol developed to measure the functional mobility capacity of individuals, assessing dynamic postural control, gait kinematics and movement strategies during activity transitions.
Baseline administration (Day 1)
Handgrip Strength Test ( HGST )
Time Frame: Baseline administration (Day 1)
HGST is an objective neuromuscular assessment method used to quantitatively measure the maximal isometric contraction capacity of the hand and forearm muscles.
Baseline administration (Day 1)
Tinetti Balance & Gait Test ( TBT&TGT )
Time Frame: Baseline administration (Day 1)
TBT&TGT is a 16-item performance scale developed to clinically analyze postural stability, ambulation skills and dynamic balance control in elderly individuals.
Baseline administration (Day 1)
30-Second Chair Stand Test ( 30s-CST )
Time Frame: Baseline administration (Day 1)
The 30s-CST is a widely used functional measurement tool for assessing lower extremity muscle endurance and dynamic balance performance.
Baseline administration (Day 1)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Necmettin Erbakan University

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: abdulkadir dağbaşı, Necmettin Erbakan University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

June 24, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

July 1, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

January 6, 2025

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

May 30, 2024

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

June 4, 2024

First Posted (Actual)

June 5, 2024

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

May 25, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

May 20, 2025

Last Verified

May 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Other Study ID Numbers

  • ADagbasi003

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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