Warm-Up Effects on Adolescent Goalkeepers' Performance

September 11, 2025 updated by: bekir tokay, Uşak University

Acute Effects of Different Warm-Up Protocols on Motor Performance in Adolescent Football Goalkeepers: A Randomised Crossover Study

The purpose of this study is to examine the acute effects of different warm-up protocols on performance outcomes in adolescent male football goalkeepers. Specifically, it investigates the impact of aerobic running, static stretching, dynamic stretching, and movement preparation on flexibility, explosive power, and dynamic balance.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

This randomized crossover study examined the acute effects of four 15-minute warm-up protocols-Aerobic Running (AR), Static Stretching (SS), Dynamic Stretching (DS), and Movement Preparation (MP)-on flexibility, explosive lower-limb power, and dynamic balance in 15 adolescent male football goalkeepers. Participants were licensed youth goalkeepers with consistent sleep, diet, and training routines. Warm-up order was randomized and both participants and administrators were blinded to the condition. Flexibility, power, and balance were assessed using the sit-and-reach test, standing long jump, and Y Balance Test, respectively, with the best of three trials recorded. Heart rate was monitored to maintain internal load at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum. All sessions were supervised by a certified sports scientist, and anthropometric data were collected prior to testing. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

15

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Biologically male football goalkeepers
  • Aged 14-15 years
  • Actively competing in youth leagues
  • Minimum training experience of approximately 3-4 years
  • Free from chronic diseases or musculoskeletal injuries that could affect physical performance
  • Maintain regular sleep and dietary routines during the study period

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Current injuries
  • Chronic health conditions
  • Any physical limitations that could interfere with safe participation in warm-up protocols or performance testing

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Basic Science
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Arm 1: Aerobic Running Warm-Up (AR)
Participants perform a 15-minute aerobic running protocol with heart rate maintained at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum (HRₘₐₓ). Includes 7 minutes of light jogging followed by slight intensity increase.
Behavioral: Intervention 1: Aerobic Running (AR) Warm-Up
15-minute aerobic running protocol. Heart rate maintained at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum (HRₘₐₓ). Includes 7 minutes light jogging followed by slight intensity increase.
Experimental: Arm 2: Static Stretching Warm-Up (SS)
Participants perform 5 minutes of light jogging, followed by static stretches of six lower-limb muscle groups (gastrocnemius, quadriceps, hamstrings, hip flexors, adductors, gluteals). Each muscle stretched twice for 30 seconds. Finishes with 3-4 minutes of light dynamic movements.
Behavioral: Intervention 2: Static Stretching (SS) Warm-Up
5 minutes light jogging followed by static stretches of six lower-limb muscles (gastrocnemius, quadriceps, hamstrings, hip flexors, adductors, gluteals). Each muscle stretched twice for 30 seconds, finishing with 3-4 minutes of light dynamic movements.
Experimental: Arm 3: Dynamic Stretching Warm-Up (DS)
Participants perform 5 minutes of light jogging, followed by dynamic stretches targeting the same six lower-limb muscle groups over 10-15 meters with short rest between repetitions.
Behavioral: Intervention 3: Dynamic Stretching (DS) Warm-Up
5 minutes light jogging followed by dynamic stretches targeting the same six muscle groups over 10-15 meters with brief rest between repetitions.
Experimental: Arm 4: Movement Preparation Warm-Up (MP)
Participants perform a combination of light jogging, multi-joint mobility drills (e.g., lateral shuffles, inchworms), submaximal sprinting (80-90% maximum velocity), and low-intensity balance drills adapted from FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee.
Behavioral: Intervention 4: Movement Preparation (MP) Warm-Up
Description: Combination of light jogging, multi-joint mobility drills (e.g., lateral shuffles, inchworms), submaximal sprinting (80-90% max velocity), and low-intensity balance drills adapted from FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Flexibility (Sit and Reach)
Time Frame: Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours).
Flexibility of the posterior chain was assessed using the sit-and-reach test with a standardized measurement box. Participants performed three trials barefoot with knees fully extended, and the best score was recorded in centimeters.
Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours).
Explosive Lower-Limb Power (Standing Long Jump)
Time Frame: Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours).
Explosive horizontal power was measured by the standing long jump test. From a standing position, participants jumped bilaterally as far as possible. The distance was measured to the nearest cm from the starting line to the rearmost heel. Three maximal trials were performed with 2 minutes rest, and the best score was used.
Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours).
Dynamic Balance (Y Balance Test normalized composite score)
Time Frame: Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours).
Dynamic postural control was assessed using the Y Balance Test. Reach distances in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions were normalized to leg length. A composite score (mean of three directions) was calculated and used for analysis.
Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Anthropometric Parameters (Height, Weight, BMI)
Time Frame: Baseline (Day 1, prior to the first warm-up intervention session)
Body height (cm), body weight (kg), and BMI (kg/m²) measured with stadiometer and electronic scale prior to warm-up interventions.
Baseline (Day 1, prior to the first warm-up intervention session)
Internal Load (Heart Rate Monitoring)
Time Frame: During each warm-up session (15 minutes, across AR, SS, DS, MP protocols)
Heart rate continuously monitored with Polar RS300X. Intensity calibrated to maintain 60-75% of age-predicted HRmax, calculated individually using Tanaka formula [208 - (0.7 × age)].
During each warm-up session (15 minutes, across AR, SS, DS, MP protocols)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Uşak University

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Mustafa AKIL, Professor Dr., Uşak University
  • Principal Investigator: Melek G. GUNGOR, Uşak University
  • Principal Investigator: Mehmet Emin Yelken, Ph.D., Ilgaz Provincial Directorate of Youth and Sports

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

March 1, 2024

Primary Completion (Actual)

March 10, 2024

Study Completion (Actual)

April 1, 2024

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

September 2, 2025

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 11, 2025

First Posted (Estimated)

September 18, 2025

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimated)

September 18, 2025

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 11, 2025

Last Verified

September 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 207-01-08
  • Uşak University (Other Identifier: 207-01-08)

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

IPD Plan Description

A definitive plan regarding the sharing of individual participant data has not been established at this time

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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