Oropharyngeoesophageal Topical Anesthesia Versus Intravenous Propofol -Ketamine Sedation for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Oropharyngeoesophageal Topical Anesthesia Prototype Device Versus Intravenous (Propofol -Ketamine Sedation) for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is an essential and widely used diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in gastroenterology. EGD can be performed in association with topical anesthesia of the pharynx, intravenous anesthesia, or with their combination. Sedation is required to alleviate anxiety, provide analgesia, amnesia and to improve endoscopic performance specifically in therapeutic procedures. However, sedation-related gastrointestinal endoscopy complications when occur, may lead to significant morbidity and occasional mortality especially with moderate and deep sedation. Cardiopulmonary complications resulting from aspiration, oversedation, hypoventilation, vasovagal reflex, and airway obstruction account for more than 50% of all complications associated with upper endoscopy.With regard to the most common sedation regimen used in different countries. In the United States, more than 75% of endoscopists use a benzodiazepine plus narcotic combination, with the combination of midazolam and fentanyl being the most common. A significant percentage of endoscopists (43%) also use propofol regularly, mainly in a hospital setting. In Germany, the most frequently used agents are midazolam (82%) and propofol (74%), and the most common sedation regimens used are propofol plus benzodiazepines (38%) and benzodiazepines plus an opioid (35%). With regard to usage of topical anesthesia during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, in the United Kingdom it was reported that 63% of endoscopists used topical anesthesia regularly during performance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. While twenty percent did not use pharyngeal anesthesia at all, and 17% used pharyngeal anesthesia sometimes. Topical pharyngeal anesthesia currently is a requirement for upper endoscopy to provide patients with the best comfort in unsedated EGD. In Hong Kong, 10% Xylocaine pump spray (AstraZeneca, Sodertalje, Sweden) is the pharyngeal anesthesia generally used as a premedication in unsedated EGD. Many studies have compared topical anesthetic agents to other formulations and techniques such as viscous, lozenge, lollipop, and nebulized lidocaine administration. However, it is still unclear which technique is optimal in terms of its influence on the gag reflex, patient tolerability, and pain. Serious allergic reactions were considered to be a risk of local anesthesia in earlier publications, but these are extremely rare. More attention is being paid to the risk of overdosing because lignocaine, the most widely used substance, is a respiratory depressant and an overdose can result in convulsion, hypotension, bradycardia, and even cardiac arrest. As the spray is rapidly absorbed by mucous membranes, the dose should be limited to 200 mg in adults (20 sprays), and in children the limit is 10 sprays. However British Thoracic Society recommends an upper limit of 8.2 mg/kg. The aim of the study is providing more effective, safer, tolerable and offers quicker recovery technique using either the modified Oropharyngeoesophageal Topical Anesthesia (OPETA) technique or conventional intravenous sedation by prepared mixture of propofol and ketamine (ketofol 4:1) .

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Topical Anesthesia; Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; Intravenous Sedation
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Propofol and Ketamine Mixture (Ketofol); Device: Modified Oropharyngeo-esophygeal Topical Anesthesia by OPETA Prototype tool

Detailed Description

This study is a randomized prospective clinical study that was conducted in department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care & Pain management, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Hospitals on 60 patients scheduled to undergo elective upper GI endoscopy during the period from January 2023 to July 2023. Patients classified into two groups: PK Group: 30 patients received intravenous sedation using prepared mixture of propofol and ketamine (in the ratio 4:1). OPETA Group: 30 patients planned for modified Oropharyngeoesophageal Topical Anesthesia by OPETA prototype tool

Inclusion criteria:

Both sex, patients aged between 21-64 years old undergoing elective upper GI endoscopy after taking informed consent, ASA class II /III, BMI < 30 kg/m2

Exclusion criteria:

Hypersensitivity to drugs included in the study, Difficult airway or known airway problems, Active bleeding from esophageal varices, Emergency procedure, Low base line oxygen saturation < 92% at room air, Cases expected to need general anesthesia for the procedure as judged by endoscopist .

All participants were subjected to:

Obtaining of history and physical examination including vital signs, cardiac and chest condition as well as excluding criteria. Routine laboratory investigations included Complete blood count (CBC), Random blood sugar, coagulation profile (PT, PTT, INR), liver function tests , renal function tests .

General and airway examination was done. All patients were kept fasting for 4 hours from clear fluids and 6 hours from other foods. Midazolam 2-2.5 mg was given to all patients at holding area.

Study design:

After routine pre-operative evaluation, standard monitors were connected to the patients: pulse oximetry, noninvasive blood pressure and electrocardiogram and baseline parameter were recorded (peripheral oxygen saturation, mean arterial pressure and heart rate). Intravenous (IV) line will be inserted and atropine IV 1 mg administered for all patients. Patients will be allocated into two equal groups by a computer-generated randomization table:

Group (PK) (n=30):

Patients received intravenous sedation using prepared mixture of propofol and ketamine in ratio (4:1). It is prepared by mixing 0.8 mg/kg propofol with 0.2 mg/kg ketamine (4:1) in an IV bolus, followed by half of the initial dose every 3 minutes as needed for sedation.The desired level of sedation was achieved (more than score 4) using Modified Ramsay sedation score) (table 1) before allowing endoscopiest to start the procedure, then the score was assessed every 3 minutes before giving of top up doses of ketofol 4:1 (half of the initial dose) if needed, then the range and median of modified Ramsay sedation score was calculated.

Group (OPETA) (n=30):

Every patient by him or herself or by help of anesthetist topicalized the anterior tonsillar pillar on both sides and the posterior one third of the tongue as well as the posterior pharyngeal wall using xylocain gel 5 % on the tip of his index or middle finger then after 5-7 minutes the patient inserted his middle finger deeply into his mouth as a test for tolerability before the insertion of OPETA tool (the patient was instructed not to swallow the used local anesthetic but gurgle it as long as possible). While the head tilted forward ("chin on chest"), Lubricated Oropharyngeoseogageal pack (OPETA device), soaked with 10 ml lidocaine 2 % mixed with adrenaline 1/200000 was gradually placed by the patient himself or herself with assistance from the anesthetist and patients swallowing into the esophagus. To ensure effective topical anesthesia and patient tolerance, the pack was left in place for three to five minutes before being moved up, down, clockwise and anti-clockwise.. If necessary, increments of 5 ml of 2% lidocaine/adrenaline mixture was injected through the device until the patient is comfortable. For all patients, the maximum local anesthetic dose (5 mg/kg of lidocaine without adrenaline and 7 mg/kg of a lidocaine with adrenaline 1:200000) was meticulously considered. However, we tried to keep the maximum dosage at 5 mg/kg as we dealing with topical anesthesia at the mucous membrane.

The Oropharyngeo-esophygeal Topical Anesthesa (OPETA) device:

It is a handmade device of a patented concept (patency no 23733, academy of scientific research and technology, ARST. Egypt, it is originally used as supraglottic topical anesthesia device (Nofal 2010).

The prototype OPETA device consists of orogastric tube surrounded by a cotton gauze of 5 cm. width. The tube and device size are age dependent and usually of 16-gauge tube size. The tip of the orogastric tube is burnt e.g., by a flame of lighter and simultaneously clamped by a needle holder. Air under pressure is then pushed through the tube port using a 10 ml syringe to verify integrity of the closed tip. Starting from the burnt closed tip, the orogastric tube was punctured with a 21-gauge needle in two perpendicular planes with 1 cm in between each puncture within the same plane for 45 to 50 cm in adult cases representing the length of a line passing from the mouth to earlobe then to xyphoid process. 5 cm wide cotton gauze was wrapped over the punctured part of the tube and secured with 2-0 Mersilk.

After inserting the device into the oropharyngeal cavity and esophagus, local anesthetic (LA) /adrenaline mixture was injected into the punctured tube when required. The injected LA was sprayed through the puncture sites to the surrounding cotton gauze that is in contact with the oropharyngeal and esophageal mucosa, anesthetizing it. During the device insertion, if it is required to make the device less malleable for easier insertion, part of an ureteric guide wire or ureteric catheter cover could be inserted within the tube of the device to strengthen it. After getting the patient sedated or topically anesthetized, endoscopist started the procedure.The modified Aldrete's scoring system was used for the discharge of all patients from recovery. Achievement of at least 9 out of 10 scores was the criteria for discharge in this study. Twenty four hour after the procedure all patients were asked through telephone connection about their experiences regarding the intraprocedural events, they were asked to score their satisfaction level during the procedure in terms of recalling any painful or other undesirable intraprocedural events.

Monitoring:

Standard monitors for all cases include patient's heart rate, oxygen saturation, and MAP pre-procedural (basal) for both topical and sedation groups then every 5 minutes throughout the procedure until the patient is fully alert. Side effects such as hypotension and bradycardia were recorded, if hypotension occurs (decrease in MAP more than 20% from baseline) it was treated with normal saline and if blood pressure was not corrected, ephedrine 5 mg was administered incrementally, and if bradycardia occurs (HR < 60 beats/min) it was treated with atropine 0.01 mg/kg).

Note: all upper GI endoscopy procedures was preformed by OLYMPUS EVIS EXERA III CV- 190 .

Post procedural assessment:

1. Patient assessment:

   • Two separate questionnaires were asked to the patients in order to rate the procedure 24 hours after discharge when they become completely alert (through telephone connection). The patients answered the following questions:
   • The difficulty in insertion of OPETA device.
   • Discomfort they felt during procedure. Answers was given on a 0 -10-mm numeric rating scale. The left end of the scale (0 mm) will be defined as ''not at all'' and the right end (10 mm) as ''extremely.
2. Endoscopist assessment:

The endoscopist assessed the following:

1. Difficulty in introducing the endoscope.
2. The overall technical difficulty of the examination.
3. Gagging whether occurred or not. For endoscopist's assessment the 0-10 numeric rating scale was the measurement scale where 0 means the procedure was extremely comfortable and 10 means that it was extremely uncomfortable.

Data collection:

Patient characteristics (Age, Sex, ASA physical status class, BMI). Indications of endoscopic procedure. Baseline heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and oxygen saturation were recorded every five minutes throughout endoscopic procedure and every 10 minutes when the patients at PACU.

Patient Assessment: numeric rating scale (0 …………..…….10)

1. Discomfort felt during the procedure.
2. Willing to Re-do in OPETA group. Endoscopist Assessment: numeric rating scale (0 …………….. 10) 1. Difficulty in introducing the endoscope. 2. Gagging with esophageal intubation. 3. The endoscopist satisfaction. Number of doses in PK group.

Time:

1. OPETA time: Time from administration of self or helped oral topical anesthesia till getting the OPETA device manipulation tolerated by the patient (moving the OPETA tool up and down clockwise and anti-clockwise without distressing the patient).
2. Sedation time: Time from starting intravenous sedation until ability to insert endoscope freely.
3. Endoscopy time: Time from starting of insertion till removal of the endoscope.
4. Recovery time: Time since the endoscopist finish the endoscopy until the patient is completely alert and oriented to space and time.
5. Discharge time: Time from admission to the recovery area to get the patient ready for discharge from the recovery area using modified aldert score.
6. Total time: summation of previous times. Any complications e.g., systemic toxicity, respiratory depression, desaturation, nausea and vomiting in both studied groups were recorded and managed.

Statistical analysis All data were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0 for windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Quantitative data were expressed as the mean ± SD & median (interquartile range), and qualitative data were expressed as absolute frequencies (number) & relative frequencies (percentage). Independent samples Student's t-test was used to compare between two groups of normally distributed variables while Mann Whitney U test was used for non- normally distributed variables. Percent of categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test when appropriate. All tests were two sided. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (S), P-value ≥ 0.05 was considered statistically insignificant (NS).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 60
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Egypt
  • Sharqia Province
    • Zagazig, Sharqia Province, Egypt, 44111
      • Zagazig University Hospitals

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Both sexes.
• Patients aged between 21-64 years old undergoing elective upper GI endoscopy after taking informed consent.
• ASA class II /III
• BMI < 30kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria:

• Hypersensitivity to drugs included in the study.
• Difficult airway or known airway problems.
• Active bleeding from esophageal varices.
• Emergency procedure
• Low base line oxygen saturation < 92% at room air.
• Cases expected to need general anesthesia for the procedure as judged by endoscopist.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Group (PK); Patients received intravenous sedation using prepared mixture of propofol and ketamine (in the ratio 4:1)	Drug: Propofol and Ketamine Mixture (Ketofol); Included 30 patients received intravenous sedation using prepared mixture of propofol and ketamine (in the ratio 4:1).It is prepared by mixing 0.8 mg/kg propofol with 0.2 mg/kg ketamine (4:1) in an IV bolus, followed by half of the initial dose every 3 minutes as needed for sedation. The desired level of sedation was achieved (more than score 4) using Modified Ramsay sedation score) before allowing endoscopiest to start the procedure, then the score was assessed every 3 minutes before giving of top up doses of ketofol 4:1 (half of the initial dose) if needed, then the range and median of modified Ramsay sedation score was calculated.
Active Comparator: Group (OPETA); Patients underwent modified Oropharyngeo-esophygeal Topical Anesthesia by OPETA Prototype tool	Device: Modified Oropharyngeo-esophygeal Topical Anesthesia by OPETA Prototype tool; Topicalization was done for the anterior tonsillar pillar on both sides and the posterior 1/3 of tongue and posterior pharyngeal wall using xylocain gel 5 % on tip of his index or middle finger then after 5-7 min, patient inserted his middle finger deeply into his mouth as a test for tolerability before insertion of OPETA tool. While the head tilted forward, Lubricated OPETA device, soaked with 10 ml lidocaine 2 % mixed with adrenaline 1/200000 was gradually placed by the patient with assistance from the anesthetist and patients swallowing into the esophagus. To ensure effective topical anesthesia and patient tolerance, pack was left in place for 3-5 min before being moved up, down, clockwise and anti-clockwise. If necessary, increments of 5 ml of 2% lidocaine/adrenaline mixture was injected through the device until the patient is comfortable. The maximum local anesthetic dose was kept at 5 mg/kg.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Patient discomfort felt during endoscopy	0 -10 numeric rating scale was the measurement scale where 0 means the procedure was extremely comfortable and 10 means that it was extremely uncomfortable.	24 hour after the procedure

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)	measure the mean arterial pressure in both groups	0 min ,5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25min, 30 min throughout endoscopic procedure and 0 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min when the patients at PACU.
Heart rate	measure heart rate in both groups	0 min ,5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25min, 30 min throughout endoscopic procedure and 0 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min when the patients at PACU.
Oxygen saturation	record oxygen saturation in both groups	0 min ,5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25min, 30 min throughout endoscopic procedure and 0 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min when the patients at PACU.
The endoscopist satisfaction	For endoscopist's satisfaction assessment the 0-10 numeric rating scale was the measurement scale where 0 means the procedure was extremely comfortable and 10 means that it was extremely uncomfortable.	immediately after the procedure

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Zagazig University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 1, 2023
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 30, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): June 1, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: April 21, 2026
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 28, 2026
• First Posted (Actual): May 1, 2026

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 1, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 28, 2026
• Last Verified: December 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: upper gastrointestinal endoscopy; Modified Oropharyngeo-esophygeal Topical Anesthesia; Propofol-Ketamine sedation
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Organic Chemicals; Hydrocarbons; Hydrocarbons, Cyclic; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Phenols; Benzene Derivatives; Propofol
• Other Study ID Numbers: ZU-IRB#10002

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No