Cluster Training With Blood Flow Restriction in Competitive 200-m Freestyle Swimmers (BFR-CLUSTER-SW)
Cluster Training With Blood Flow Restriction and 200-m Freestyle Performance, FGF-2, and VEGF-A Responses in Competitive Swimmers: A Matched Controlled Study
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is a training method in which pneumatic cuffs are applied proximally to the limbs to partially restrict vascular flow during exercise. Cluster training divides traditional exercise sets into smaller clusters of repetitions separated by short intra-set recovery periods. Combining these two approaches may increase the physiological stimulus of training while allowing repeated high-quality exercise efforts.
This controlled, non-randomized matched-intervention study included 20 competitive 200-m freestyle swimmers. Participants were matched according to baseline 200-m freestyle performance, sex, and standing long jump distance and were assigned to one of two groups. The experimental group completed cluster training combined with BFR, whereas the control group completed cluster training without BFR.
The training intervention lasted 8 weeks and consisted of five 90-minute training sessions per week. Sessions included a standardized warm-up, a main training component, and a cool-down. Overall cardiovascular training intensity was prescribed relative to individual maximal heart rate, and cluster-based resistance exercises incorporated short intra-set recovery intervals.
BFR was applied only in the experimental group during selected dry-land cluster exercises using pneumatic cuffs positioned proximally on the upper arms and thighs. The cuffs remained inflated during exercise execution and short intra-set recovery periods and were deflated during the main inter-set recovery periods.
The primary outcome was change in 200-m freestyle performance time from baseline to the end of the 8-week intervention. Secondary outcomes included serum FGF-2 and VEGF-A concentrations, standing long jump distance, mean 50-m split time during a maximal 150-m swimming test, and performance in a cadence-controlled Burpee test. Blood samples were collected under standardized resting conditions to assess serum FGF-2 and VEGF-A concentrations.
The main objective was to determine whether the addition of BFR to cluster training was associated with greater improvements in swimming performance, selected physical-performance outcomes, and serum angiogenesis-related biomarkers compared with cluster training alone.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Muhafazat Salah ad Din
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Samarra, Muhafazat Salah ad Din, Iraq, 34010
- Samarra Olympic Swimming Pool
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
- Child
- Adult
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
Competitive 200-m freestyle swimmers aged 17-20 years. At least 2 years of structured swimming training experience. Free from musculoskeletal injury for at least 6 months before enrollment. No previous regular experience with blood flow restriction training. Willing and able to complete the 8-week training intervention and all study assessments.
Exclusion Criteria:
History of cardiovascular, metabolic, thrombotic, or other vascular conditions that could contraindicate blood flow restriction exercise.
Current use of medications known to affect vascular tone or blood coagulation. Musculoskeletal injury or medical condition preventing participation in maximal swimming or dry-land training.
Attendance below 85% of the scheduled intervention sessions.
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Other
- Allocation: Non-Randomized
- Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
- Masking: None (Open Label)
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
|---|---|
|
Experimental: Cluster Training With Blood Flow Restriction
Participants in this arm completed an 8-week cluster-training program combined with blood flow restriction (BFR).
Training was performed five sessions per week.
Pneumatic cuffs were applied proximally to the upper arms and thighs during selected dry-land cluster exercises and intra-set recovery periods, and were deflated during the main inter-set recovery periods.
|
An 8-week cluster-training program performed five sessions per week, with blood flow restriction applied during selected dry-land cluster exercises using pneumatic cuffs positioned proximally on the upper arms and thighs.
|
|
Active Comparator: Cluster Training Alone
Participants in this arm completed the same 8-week cluster-training program and overall training schedule as the experimental group, but without blood flow restriction.
Training was performed five sessions per week.
|
An 8-week cluster-training program performed five sessions per week without blood flow restriction.
|
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Measure Description |
Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
|
Change in 200-m Freestyle Performance Time
Time Frame: Baseline and post-intervention at 8 weeks
|
Performance was assessed during a maximal 200-m freestyle swim in a standard 50-m pool using an electronic timing system with a precision of 0.01 s.
Lower values indicate faster performance.
The primary outcome was the change in performance time from baseline to the end of the 8-week intervention.
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Baseline and post-intervention at 8 weeks
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Other Study ID Numbers
- SRG-BFR-SWIM-2026-01
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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