- ICH GCP
- Registr klinických studií v USA
- Klinická studie NCT07625163
The Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Mindful Breathing on Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder in Saudi Arabia (MDD/AE/MB)
The Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Mindful Breathing on Symptom Severity and Quality of Life in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder in Saudi Arabia: A Randomised Clinical Trial Protocol
The goal of this Randomized Clinical Trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of aerobic exercise (AE) and mindful breathing (MB) on depressive symptom severity and quality of life (QoL), in adults with MDD. The main question is: Does aerobic exercise and mindful breathing delivery reduce depressive symptom severity and improve quality of life more effectively than standard psychiatric care? The aims to answer are:
- To determine the effect of aerobic exercise interventions on depressive symptoms of individuals diagnosed with MDD.
- To determine the effect of aerobic exercise interventions on health-related quality of life among individuals diagnosed with MDD.
- To determine the effect of mindful breathing exercises on depressive symptoms among individuals diagnosed with MDD.
- To determine the effect of the mindful breathing exercise intervention on quality of life amongst individuals diagnosed with MDD.
Participants will be randomized into three groups:
- 45 minutes of moderate AE (60-75% HRR);
- 15 minutes of guided mindful breathing (6 breaths/minute);
- a waitlist control receiving standard care. *Interventions will occur three times a week for 16 weeks.
Přehled studie
Postavení
Podmínky
Intervence / Léčba
Detailní popis
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of global disability, with many patients showing suboptimal responses to conventional pharmacological treatments. Evidence suggests that aerobic exercise (AE) and mindful breathing (MB) can serve as powerful non-pharmacological modulators of the central and autonomic nervous systems. This protocol outlines a randomized clinical trial (RCT) to evaluate the individual and synergistic effects of these interventions in a Saudi Arabian clinical population.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is no longer viewed merely as a psychological condition but as a systemic, multi-faceted public health crisis. According to the World Health Organization and the latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) analysis, MDD is a primary driver of global disability, defined by persistent feelings of sadness, anhedonia, sleep disturbances, and diminished capacity for daily functioning . Globally, it affects more than 280 million people.
In Saudi Arabia, the rising prevalence of MDD necessitates a shift toward "Integrative Psychiatry," where lifestyle medicine serves as a core pillar. Despite the availability of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments, many individuals experience suboptimal outcomes, relapse, or treatment resistance, with the STAR*D study highlighting that only about one-third of patients achieve full remission after their first course of antidepressant medication . Furthermore, the side effects of conventional medications, such as weight gain and metabolic syndrome, often lead to premature discontinuation.
While the individual antidepressant effects of exercise and mindful breathing are well-documented, significant gaps remain. Existing literature indicates that AE "primes" the brain by increasing neuroplasticity and reward processing. Mindful breathing, conversely, stabilizes the autonomic nervous system and reduces anxiety. Combining these two low-cost, non-pharmacological interventions may provide a superior "biopsychosocial" approach to MDD recovery that neither could achieve alone. Modern psychiatry recognizes that a patient can be "less depressed" while still having a poor Quality of Life (QoL). Exercise is uniquely positioned to improve QoL because its benefits are "transdiagnostic", improving physical vitality, sleep quality, and social engagement simultaneously.
and a baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score ≥ 17.
Typ studie
Zápis (Odhadovaný)
Fáze
- Nelze použít
Kontakty a umístění
Studijní kontakt
- Jméno: Saad A Bin Muaythir, Master
- Telefonní číslo: +966568200040
- E-mail: u24122336@tuks.co.za
Studijní místa
-
-
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Al Kharj, Saudská arábie
- Erada Hospital and Mental Health in Al Kharj
-
Kontakt:
- Dawood F Aldawood
- Telefonní číslo: +966505109089
- E-mail: dfaldawood@moh.gov.sa
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Riyadh, Saudská arábie
- Erada complex and Mental Health in Riyadh
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Kontakt:
- Salwa M Abdulrahim
- Telefonní číslo: +966508832162
- E-mail: sabdulrahim@moh.gov.sa
-
-
Kritéria účasti
Kritéria způsobilosti
Věk způsobilý ke studiu
- Dospělý
Přijímá zdravé dobrovolníky
Popis
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults aged 18-60 years with a formal diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) based on DSM-5-TR or ICD-10 criteria.
- A baseline score of ≥ 17 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) is required to ensure a moderate-to-severe symptom profile
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients with high suicidal ideation
- Patients with a history of psychosis or bipolar disorder
- Patient with physical contraindications to exercise (e.g., unstable cardiovascular disease).
- Concurrent participation in other structured exercise/mindfulness trials.
Studijní plán
Jak je studie koncipována?
Detaily designu
- Primární účel: Léčba
- Přidělení: Randomizované
- Intervenční model: Paralelní přiřazení
- Maskování: Singl
Zbraně a zásahy
Skupina účastníků / Arm |
Intervence / Léčba |
|---|---|
|
Experimentální: Aerobic Exercise (AE)
The AE protocol is designed to achieve the moderate-intensity threshold (SMD = -0.91), which has been identified as the most effective for symptom reduction (16).
|
Aerobic or cardiovascular exercise is characterized by activities that engage large muscle groups, including walking, jogging, or cycling.
Regular aerobic exercise can improve cardiovascular health, endurance, and overall fitness.
Ostatní jména:
|
|
Experimentální: Mindful Breathing (MB)
The MB protocol focuses on "Top-Down" emotional regulation and "Bottom-Up" autonomic stabilisation.
|
Mindful breathing can include diaphragmatic breathing, deep breathing, and controlled breathing techniques, which focus on regulating and optimizing the process of inhalation and exhalation.
These techniques enhance respiratory function, increase lung capacity, and promote relaxation by activating the parasympathetic nervous system.
Therefore, they have been used in various therapeutic contexts to manage stress, anxiety, and mood disorders, including MDD, by regulating emotions and the stress response.
Ostatní jména:
|
|
Jiný: Control Group (Standard Care) Standard Treatment
Participants will continue their prescribed pharmacological treatment and any existing psychotherapy and physiotherapy sessions.
|
Aerobic or cardiovascular exercise is characterized by activities that engage large muscle groups, including walking, jogging, or cycling.
Regular aerobic exercise can improve cardiovascular health, endurance, and overall fitness.
Ostatní jména:
Mindful breathing can include diaphragmatic breathing, deep breathing, and controlled breathing techniques, which focus on regulating and optimizing the process of inhalation and exhalation.
These techniques enhance respiratory function, increase lung capacity, and promote relaxation by activating the parasympathetic nervous system.
Therefore, they have been used in various therapeutic contexts to manage stress, anxiety, and mood disorders, including MDD, by regulating emotions and the stress response.
Ostatní jména:
|
Co je měření studie?
Primární výstupní opatření
Měření výsledku |
Popis opatření |
Časové okno |
|---|---|---|
|
Depressive symptom severity
Časové okno: Baseline, Week 4,8, and a 16-week
|
Depressive symptom severity will be assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), with total scores ranging from 0 to 52. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. For MDD, a baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score of ≥ 17 is required. Reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores is the primary outcome measure. |
Baseline, Week 4,8, and a 16-week
|
Sekundární výstupní opatření
Měření výsledku |
Popis opatření |
Časové okno |
|---|---|---|
|
Quality of life (QoL) 1: Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF)
Časové okno: WHOQOL-BREF: baseline and week 16.
|
Quality of life will be assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), which generates domain scores transformed to a scale ranging from 0 to 100.
Higher scores indicate a better quality of life
|
WHOQOL-BREF: baseline and week 16.
|
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Quality of life (QoL)2 : Anxiety Symptoms
Časové okno: Baseline, Week 4,8, and a 16-week
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Anxiety symptoms will be assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), a 21-item self-report questionnaire with total scores ranging from 0 to 63.
Higher scores indicate greater anxiety severity.
|
Baseline, Week 4,8, and a 16-week
|
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Quality of life (QoL) 3: Sleep Quality
Časové okno: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, and Week 16.
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Sleep quality will be assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a 19-item questionnaire with total scores ranging from 0 to 21.
Higher scores indicate poorer sleep quality.
|
Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, and Week 16.
|
Spolupracovníci a vyšetřovatelé
Sponzor
Vyšetřovatelé
- Vrchní vyšetřovatel: Saad Bin Muaythir, Master
Publikace a užitečné odkazy
Obecné publikace
- Elfil M, Negida A. Sampling methods in Clinical Research; an Educational Review. Emerg (Tehran). 2017;5(1):e52. Epub 2017 Jan 14.
- 1. WHO. Depressive disorder (depression): World Health Organization; 2025 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression.
- GBD 2023 Demographics Collaborators. Global age-sex-specific all-cause mortality and life expectancy estimates for 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1950-2023: a demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet. 2025 Oct 18;406(10513):1731-1810. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01330-3. Epub 2025 Oct 12.
- Alnaim MA, Alghamdi AH, Aljawair MR, Alhadi FA, Alomair AM, Alsaad A. Depression among Saudi international university students and its associated risk factors. BMC Public Health. 2024 Nov 11;24(1):3101. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-20565-y.
- Pigott HE, Kim T, Xu C, Kirsch I, Amsterdam J. What are the treatment remission, response and extent of improvement rates after up to four trials of antidepressant therapies in real-world depressed patients? A reanalysis of the STAR*D study's patient-level data with fidelity to the original research protocol. BMJ Open. 2023 Jul 25;13(7):e063095. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063095.
- Romero Garavito A, Diaz Martinez V, Juarez Cortes E, Negrete Diaz JV, Montilla Rodriguez LM. Impact of physical exercise on the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in people with neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurol. 2025 Jan 28;15:1505879. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1505879. eCollection 2024.
- Komariah M, Ibrahim K, Pahria T, Rahayuwati L, Somantri I. Effect of Mindfulness Breathing Meditation on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial among University Students. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Dec 22;11(1):26. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11010026.
- 6. Muaythir SB, Bello B, Magida N. Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Depression Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Marquez DX, Aguinaga S, Vasquez PM, Conroy DE, Erickson KI, Hillman C, Stillman CM, Ballard RM, Sheppard BB, Petruzzello SJ, King AC, Powell KE. A systematic review of physical activity and quality of life and well-being. Transl Behav Med. 2020 Oct 12;10(5):1098-1109. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibz198.
- Jenkins DG, Quintana-Ascencio PF. A solution to minimum sample size for regressions. PLoS One. 2020 Feb 21;15(2):e0229345. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229345. eCollection 2020.
Termíny studijních záznamů
Hlavní termíny studia
Začátek studia (Odhadovaný)
Primární dokončení (Odhadovaný)
Dokončení studie (Odhadovaný)
Termíny zápisu do studia
První předloženo
První předloženo, které splnilo kritéria kontroly kvality
První zveřejněno (Aktuální)
Aktualizace studijních záznamů
Poslední zveřejněná aktualizace (Aktuální)
Odeslaná poslední aktualizace, která splnila kritéria kontroly kvality
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Více informací
Termíny související s touto studií
Klíčová slova
Další relevantní podmínky MeSH
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