Physiological and Molecular Adaptations to Different Training Modalities in National-level Kayak Athletes
Physiological and Molecular Responses to Different Intensities of High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Training in National-Level Kayak Athletes
This interventional study evaluated physiological, molecular, and performance adaptations to different high-intensity training modalities in national-level kayak athletes. Thirty-two athletes were allocated to four parallel groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), sprint interval training (SIT), combined training This interventional study investigated physiological, systemic biomarker, and performance responses to different training modalities in national-level flatwater kayak athletes. Thirty-two athletes (24 males and 8 females) were randomly allocated within sex strata to four parallel groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), sprint interval training (SIT), combined training (COMB), and control (CON), with eight participants per group (six males and two females).
The study included an initial six-week detraining period, baseline (PRE) assessments, a six-week training intervention, and post-intervention (POST) assessments. POST venous blood samples were collected 48-72 hours after the final training session, following a recovery period. Physiological and performance assessments were conducted during the POST testing period.
Following the intervention, participants underwent a further six-week detraining period. Kayak performance over 500 m was assessed at PRE and POST and reassessed 15 and 30 days after the beginning of the post-intervention detraining period.
The study aimed to compare the effects of different training modalities on physiological responses, circulating systemic biomarkers, and 500-m kayak performance, as well as performance changes during detraining.
Descripción general del estudio
Estado
Condiciones
Descripción detallada
This study employed a sex-stratified randomized, four-parallel-group interventional design to investigate physiological, systemic biomarker, and performance responses to different training modalities in national-level flatwater kayak athletes.
Thirty-two athletes (24 males and 8 females), each with at least four years of kayaking experience, participated in the study. Participants were initially stratified according to sex and subsequently randomly allocated by drawing lots to four parallel groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), sprint interval training (SIT), combined training (COMB), and control (CON). Each group comprised eight athletes (six males and two females). Baseline 500-m performance, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body mass, and training experience were not used as matching or allocation criteria. Participants were not reassigned after randomization to achieve baseline equivalence.
Before baseline (PRE) assessments, participants completed a six-week detraining period. PRE assessments were conducted between December 20 and 23, 2024. The six-week training intervention commenced on December 26, 2024, with three scheduled sessions per week.
The HIIT group performed six 30-second intervals at a power output corresponding to 110% of the power output associated with VO2max, separated by 60-second recovery periods. The SIT group performed six 15-second intervals at approximately 140% of the power output associated with VO2max, separated by 150-second recovery periods. The COMB group completed one HIIT session, one SIT session, and one 45-minute continuous training session at 80% of the power output associated with VO2max per week. The CON group performed three 60-minute walking sessions per week.
Physiological assessments were performed before (PRE) and after (POST) the intervention and included maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), power output associated with maximal oxygen uptake (POVO2max), power output at the second ventilatory threshold (POVT2), blood lactate concentration, and maximal heart rate (HRmax). Additional physiological outcomes, including power output corresponding to 75% of VO2max, were assessed as specified in the original study protocol.
Venous blood samples were collected at PRE and POST to assess circulating biomarkers related to inflammatory, angiogenic, hypoxia-related, and antioxidant responses, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).
Importantly, POST venous blood sampling was performed 48-72 hours after the final training session of the six-week intervention, following a recovery period without additional training sessions. The POST physiological assessments were conducted subsequently, during the post-intervention testing period. Therefore, the POST blood samples were not collected immediately after the final exercise session.
A maximal-effort 500-m kayak ergometer performance test was conducted at PRE and POST. Following completion of the intervention and POST assessments, participants underwent a further six-week detraining period. Additional 500-m performance assessments were conducted 15 and 30 days after the beginning of this subsequent detraining period to evaluate the retention of training-induced performance adaptations.
The original intervention involved all 32 athletes. A subsequent secondary analysis restricted to the 24 male athletes (six per group) examined circulating systemic biomarker responses and their associations with physiological adaptations to the different training modalities.
Tipo de estudio
Inscripción (Actual)
Fase
- No aplica
Contactos y Ubicaciones
Ubicaciones de estudio
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Attica
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Athens, Attica, Grecia, 17237
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
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Criterios de participación
Criterio de elegibilidad
Edades elegibles para estudiar
Acepta Voluntarios Saludables
Géneros elegibles para el estudio
Descripción
Inclusion Criteria:
- National-level flatwater kayak athlete.
- At least 4 years of systematic kayak training experience.
- Active participation in kayak training and competition.
- Able to complete the prescribed training interventions and physiological and performance testing procedures.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Injury or illness that prevented participation in the training intervention or testing procedures.
- Inability to complete the prescribed intervention or required study assessments.
Plan de estudios
¿Cómo está diseñado el estudio?
Detalles de diseño
- Propósito principal: Ciencia básica
- Asignación: Aleatorizado
- Modelo Intervencionista: Asignación paralela
- Enmascaramiento: Ninguno (etiqueta abierta)
Armas e Intervenciones
Grupo de participantes/brazo |
Intervención / Tratamiento |
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Experimental: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
Participants performed high-intensity interval training three times per week for six weeks. Each session included 6 × 30-s intervals at 110% of VO₂max with 60-s passive recovery periods. |
Participants performed high-intensity interval training three times per week for six weeks. Each training session consisted of 6 × 30-second intervals at 110% of VO₂max, with 60-second recovery periods between intervals.
Otros nombres:
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Experimental: Sprint Interval Training (SIT)
Participants performed sprint interval training three times per week for six weeks. Each session included 6 × 15-s intervals at approximately 140% of VO₂max with 150-s passive recovery periods. |
Participants performed sprint interval training three times per week for six weeks. Each training session consisted of 6 × 15-second intervals at approximately 140% of VO₂max, with 150-second recovery periods between intervals.
Otros nombres:
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Experimental: Combined Training (COMB)
Participants performed combined training for six weeks, consisting of one HIIT session, one SIT session, and one 45-min continuous training session at 80% of VO₂max per week. |
Participants performed combined training for six weeks, with three training sessions per week. The weekly program consisted of one high-intensity interval training session (6 × 30-second intervals at 110% of VO₂max with 60-second recovery periods), one sprint interval training session (6 × 15-second intervals at approximately 140% of VO₂max with 150-second recovery periods), and one 45-minute continuous training session at 80% of VO₂max.
Otros nombres:
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Comparador activo: Control (CON)
Participants performed three 1-h walking sessions per week for six weeks and did not participate in the experimental high-intensity training protocols. |
Participants performed three 1-hour walking sessions per week for six weeks and did not participate in the experimental high-intensity training protocols.
Otros nombres:
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¿Qué mide el estudio?
Medidas de resultado primarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
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Change in maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and during the post-intervention (POST) assessment period following the 6-week training intervention.
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Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) was assessed using an incremental kayak ergometer test before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week intervention. VO₂max was used to evaluate changes in aerobic physiological capacity following the different training interventions. |
Baseline (PRE) and during the post-intervention (POST) assessment period following the 6-week training intervention.
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500-m kayak performance
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE), post-intervention (POST), and 15 and 30 days after the start of the subsequent 6-week detraining period.
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Time required to complete a 500-m maximal-effort kayak ergometer performance test, recorded in seconds. Lower values indicate faster performance. |
Baseline (PRE), post-intervention (POST), and 15 and 30 days after the start of the subsequent 6-week detraining period.
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Change in power output at VO₂max (POVO₂max)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Power output at VO₂max (POVO₂max) was assessed during the incremental kayak ergometer test before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week intervention. The outcome was expressed in watts (W) and used to evaluate changes in maximal aerobic power. |
Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Change in power output at the second ventilatory threshold (POVT₂)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Power output at the second ventilatory threshold (POVT₂) was determined during an incremental kayak ergometer test conducted before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week training intervention. VT₂ was identified from ventilatory and gas-exchange responses, and the corresponding power output was expressed in watts (W). Changes in POVT₂ were used to evaluate submaximal aerobic adaptations to the different training interventions. |
Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Change in power output at 75% of VO₂max (PO75%VO₂max)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Power output corresponding to 75% of VO₂max was determined from the oxygen uptake-power relationship obtained during the incremental kayak ergometer test before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week intervention. The outcome was expressed in watts (W). |
Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Change in blood lactate concentration
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Blood lactate concentration was measured 3 minutes after completion of the incremental kayak ergometer test before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week intervention. The outcome was expressed in mmol/L. |
Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Change in maximal heart rate (HRmax)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Maximal heart rate (HRmax) was recorded during the incremental kayak ergometer test before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week intervention. The outcome was expressed in beats per minute (bpm). |
Baseline (PRE) and during the POST testing period, following venous blood sampling performed 48-72 hours after the final training session.
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Change in circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and 48-72 hours after the final training session (POST), following the 6-week intervention.
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Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration was assessed from venous blood samples collected before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week intervention to evaluate changes in the circulating inflammatory response. |
Baseline (PRE) and 48-72 hours after the final training session (POST), following the 6-week intervention.
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Change in circulating vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and 48-72 hours after the final training session (POST), following the 6-week intervention.
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Serum vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) concentration was assessed from venous blood samples collected before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week intervention to evaluate changes in the circulating angiogenic response. |
Baseline (PRE) and 48-72 hours after the final training session (POST), following the 6-week intervention.
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Change in circulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and 48-72 hours after the final training session (POST), following the 6-week intervention.
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Serum hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) concentration was assessed from venous blood samples collected before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week intervention to evaluate changes in the circulating hypoxia-related response. |
Baseline (PRE) and 48-72 hours after the final training session (POST), following the 6-week intervention.
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Change in total antioxidant capacity (TAC)
Periodo de tiempo: Baseline (PRE) and 48-72 hours after the final training session (POST), following the 6-week intervention.
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Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was assessed from venous blood samples collected before (PRE) and after (POST) the 6-week intervention to evaluate changes in systemic antioxidant capacity. |
Baseline (PRE) and 48-72 hours after the final training session (POST), following the 6-week intervention.
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Otros números de identificación del estudio
- 3422/Δ5
Plan de datos de participantes individuales (IPD)
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Descripción del plan IPD
Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared because participant consent did not include provisions for public or unrestricted sharing of individual-level data.
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