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Light Therapy for University Students

maanantai 22. kesäkuuta 2026 päivittänyt: Birna Baldursdottir, Reykjavik University

Effects of Light Therapy on Well-being of University Students: A Pilot Study

The effects of light therapy on well-being among university students was investigated. A three-week intervention study examined whether the use of light glasses improved sleep quality and concentration and reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety among university students. First, a questionnaire was administered to about 130 students to screen for sleep problems. Based on the responses, those with the most sleep problems were invited to participate in the intervention study, which resulted in 39 participants in total. Although studies of light therapy for sleep problems and depression among patients have yielded positive results, the use of light has not been studied much among healthy individuals. The intervention study used glasses that project light in two intensities and participants were randomized into two groups with different intensities of light. The aim of the study was to: a) compare the effects of different light intensities on sleep and concentration and b) investigate whether light therapy influences symptoms of depression and anxiety among university students. The study is expected to increase knowledge of light therapy among healthy individuals, and if the treatment proves successful, it is an easy and inexpensive way to increase well-being among university students.

Tutkimuksen yleiskatsaus

Tila

Valmis

Ehdot

Interventio / Hoito

Opintotyyppi

Interventio

Ilmoittautuminen (Todellinen)

39

Vaihe

  • Ei sovellettavissa

Yhteystiedot ja paikat

Tässä osiossa on tutkimuksen suorittajien yhteystiedot ja tiedot siitä, missä tämä tutkimus suoritetaan.

Opiskelupaikat

  • Islanti
      • Reykjavik, Islanti, 102
        • Department of Psychology, Reykjavík University

Osallistumiskriteerit

Tutkijat etsivät ihmisiä, jotka sopivat tiettyyn kuvaukseen, jota kutsutaan kelpoisuuskriteereiksi. Joitakin esimerkkejä näistä kriteereistä ovat henkilön yleinen terveydentila tai aiemmat hoidot.

Kelpoisuusvaatimukset

Opintokelpoiset iät

  • Aikuinen
  • Vanhempi Aikuinen

Hyväksyy terveitä vapaaehtoisia

Ei

Kuvaus

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Being a psychology student at Reykjavik University, Iceland
  • Able to understand, read and write Icelandic
  • At screening assessment prior to the intervention, demonstrating a score of three or above on any of the six items of the BIS scale, thereby including students who showed even mild symptoms of sleep problems

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Not being a psychology student at Reykjavik University, Iceland
  • Not able to understand, read and write Icelandic
  • Demonstrating a score below three on all of the six items of the BIS scale

Opintosuunnitelma

Tässä osiossa on tietoja tutkimussuunnitelmasta, mukaan lukien kuinka tutkimus on suunniteltu ja mitä tutkimuksella mitataan.

Miten tutkimus on suunniteltu?

Suunnittelun yksityiskohdat

  • Ensisijainen käyttötarkoitus: Hoito
  • Jako: Satunnaistettu
  • Inventiomalli: Rinnakkaistehtävä
  • Naamiointi: Kaksinkertainen

Aseet ja interventiot

Osallistujaryhmä / Arm
Interventio / Hoito
Kokeellinen: Blue Light Therapy
Exposure of experimental circadian-effective blue light (BL) by glasses for 30 minutes each morning during the 3-week intervention
Laite: Light Glasses (Experimental)

The circadian-effective light glasses used by the experimental group (BL) emitted narrowband (peak lambda = 470 nm) blue light with an irradiance of 250 μW/cm2 (120 lux).

The light glasses emit light from LEDs at a distance of 15 millimeters (15mm, 0.015.) from the eye. The device is classified as safe for the eyes in accordance with the international standard IEC 62471 and complies with the United States of America's FCC marking, and is designed to be worn on the participant's head, similar to a pair of regular glasses. For safety purposes, the light glasses do not contain UV or infra-red light.

Brand: AYO glasses.
Active Comparator: Dim Light Therapy
Exposure of experimental comparison circadian-ineffective dim light (DL) by glasses for 30 minutes each morning during the 3-week intervention
Laite: Light Glasses (Comparison)

The circadian-ineffective sham glasses (DL) emitted blue light with an irradiance of 2.5 μW/cm2 (1.16 lux).

The light glasses emit light from LEDs at a distance of 15 millimeters (15mm, 0.015.) from the eye. The device is classified as safe for the eyes in accordance with the international standard IEC 62471 and complies with the United States of America's FCC marking, and is designed to be worn on the participant's head, similar to a pair of regular glasses. For safety purposes, the light glasses do not contain UV or infra-red light.

Brand: AYO glasses.

Mitä tutkimuksessa mitataan?

Ensisijaiset tulostoimenpiteet

Tulosmittaus
Toimenpiteen kuvaus
Aikaikkuna
The Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS)
Aikaikkuna: BIS was used to screen for sleep-related problems, prior to the intervention, at baseline (day 1), at the middle of intervention (FU1, day 11) and at the of intervention (FU2, day 21).
The Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS) is a short scale on sleep habits consisting of six items pertaining to sleep onset, maintenance, early morning wakening, restorative sleep, daytime functioning, and sleep satisfaction. Responses indicate how often sleep problems, according to the six items, are experienced during the last month on an 8-point scale (0-7 days per week) with a range between 0 and 42, where a higher score suggests more sleep problems.
BIS was used to screen for sleep-related problems, prior to the intervention, at baseline (day 1), at the middle of intervention (FU1, day 11) and at the of intervention (FU2, day 21).
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
Aikaikkuna: PSQI was administered at baseline (day 1), FU1 (day 11), and FU2 (day 21).
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) consists of 19 self-rated items about sleep habits during the last month. The questions are categorised into seven components, rated from 0 to 3, evaluating sleep duration, quality, and latency as well as habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, usage of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. A global PSQI score, ranging from 0 to 21, is calculated by summarising the seven components' scores, where a higher global score indicates worse sleep quality and a score above five suggests poor sleep quality.
PSQI was administered at baseline (day 1), FU1 (day 11), and FU2 (day 21).
Objective sleep measure by actigraphy: Total time in bed
Aikaikkuna: Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Wrist-worn actigraphy devices (model GT3X+ ActiSleep) were used to objectively measure sleep. Sleep parameters were calculated using the Cole-Kripke sleep algorithm in the ActiLife 6 data analysis software. Parameter measured: Total time in bed, measured as minutes.
Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Objective sleep measure by actigraphy: Total sleep time
Aikaikkuna: Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Wrist-worn actigraphy devices (model GT3X+ ActiSleep) were used to objectively measure sleep. Sleep parameters were calculated using the Cole-Kripke sleep algorithm in the ActiLife 6 data analysis software. Parameter measured: Total sleep time, measured as minutes.
Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Objective sleep measure by actigraphy: Sleep latency
Aikaikkuna: Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Wrist-worn actigraphy devices (model GT3X+ ActiSleep) were used to objectively measure sleep. Sleep parameters were calculated using the Cole-Kripke sleep algorithm in the ActiLife 6 data analysis software. Parameter measured: Sleep latency, measured as minutes.
Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Objective sleep measure by actigraphy: Wake after sleep onset
Aikaikkuna: Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Wrist-worn actigraphy devices (model GT3X+ ActiSleep) were used to objectively measure sleep. Sleep parameters were calculated using the Cole-Kripke sleep algorithm in the ActiLife 6 data analysis software. Parameter measured: Wake after sleep onset, measured as minutes.
Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Objective sleep measure by actigraphy: Number of awakenings
Aikaikkuna: Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Wrist-worn actigraphy devices (model GT3X+ ActiSleep) were used to objectively measure sleep. Sleep parameters were calculated using the Cole-Kripke sleep algorithm in the ActiLife 6 data analysis software. Parameter measured: Number of awakenings, measured as number of awakenings per sleep period.
Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Objective sleep measure by actigraphy: Sleep fragmentation index
Aikaikkuna: Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Wrist-worn actigraphy devices (model GT3X+ ActiSleep) were used to objectively measure sleep. Sleep parameters were calculated using the Cole-Kripke sleep algorithm in the ActiLife 6 data analysis software. Parameter measured: Sleep fragmentation index, measured as percentage.
Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Objective sleep measure by actigraphy: Sleep movement index
Aikaikkuna: Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Wrist-worn actigraphy devices (model GT3X+ ActiSleep) were used to objectively measure sleep. Sleep parameters were calculated using the Cole-Kripke sleep algorithm in the ActiLife 6 data analysis software. Parameter measured: Sleep movement index, measured as events per hour.
Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Objective sleep measure by actigraphy: Sleep efficiency
Aikaikkuna: Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).
Wrist-worn actigraphy devices (model GT3X+ ActiSleep) were used to objectively measure sleep. Sleep parameters were calculated using the Cole-Kripke sleep algorithm in the ActiLife 6 data analysis software. Parameter measured: Sleep efficiency, measured as percentage.
Participants were asked to wear the devices on their non-dominant arm for four consecutive days, both at baseline (day 1-4) and at FU2 (day 18-21).

Toissijaiset tulostoimenpiteet

Tulosmittaus
Toimenpiteen kuvaus
Aikaikkuna
The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
Aikaikkuna: CES-D was administered at baseline (day 1), FU1 (day 11) and FU2 (day 21).
The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20 item self-report instrument, designed to measure common symptoms of depression that have occurred over the past week such as poor appetite, hopelessness, pessimism, and fatigue. Response options range from 0 to 3 for each item. Scores range from 0 to 60, with high scores indicating greater depressive symptoms.
CES-D was administered at baseline (day 1), FU1 (day 11) and FU2 (day 21).
General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)
Aikaikkuna: GAD-7 was administered at baseline (day 1), FU1 (day 11) and FU2 (day 21).
General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) is a shorter version of the original GAD-13 item scale designed to measure anxiety. Each of the seven questions is rated on a 4-point Likert scale based on symptom frequency. The total score is calculated by summing the scores for all seven items, thus scores range from 0 to 21, with higer score meaning more anxiety. Cut-points are as follows: 0-4: Minimal anxiety, 5-9: Mild anxiety, 10-14: Moderate anxiety, and 15-21: Severe anxiety. A score of 10 or greater is often used as a clinical cut-off point.
GAD-7 was administered at baseline (day 1), FU1 (day 11) and FU2 (day 21).
The reduced Horne & Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ)
Aikaikkuna: rMEQ was administered at baseline (day 1).
The reduced Horne & Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) is a self-report questionnaire is one of the most widely used questionnaire to measure chronotype. The rMEQ consists of 5 questions that assess an individual's preference for morning or evening activities. Based on results from the scoring, individuals can be categorized as: Morning Types: Prefer morning activities; Evening Types: Prefer evening activities or Intermediate Types: Have no strong preference.
rMEQ was administered at baseline (day 1).
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
Aikaikkuna: ESS was administered at baseline (day 1), FU1 (day 11) and FU2 (day 21).
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is widely used in sleep research and clinical settings and consists of 8 questions (each with 4 answering possibilities) about sleepiness. measure a person's likelihood of dozing off during various daily activities. ESS provides a score ranging from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating excessive daytime sleepiness. In general ESS scores can be interpreted as follows: 0-5 Lower Normal Daytime Sleepiness; 6-10 Higher Normal Daytime Sleepiness; 11-12 Mild Excessive Daytime Sleepiness; 13-15 Moderate Excessive Daytime Sleepiness; and 16-24 Severe Excessive Daytime Sleepiness.
ESS was administered at baseline (day 1), FU1 (day 11) and FU2 (day 21).
Objective measures of cognitive performance: Operation Span (Ospan)
Aikaikkuna: Ospan was administered at baseline (day 1) and FU2 (day 21).
Three neuropsychological tests were used to measure cognitive performance: Operation Span (Ospan) is a cognitive task designed to measure working memory capacity by requiring participants to remember sequences of letters while simultaneously solving simple math problems. This dual-task approach assesses how well individuals can manage their memory resources under distraction.
Ospan was administered at baseline (day 1) and FU2 (day 21).
Objective measures of cognitive performance: Digit span forward
Aikaikkuna: Digit span forward was administered at baseline (day 1) and FU2 (day 21).
Three neuropsychological tests were used to measure cognitive performance: Digit span forward is a cognitive task where a person listens to a sequence of numbers and then repeats them back in the same order. This task primarily measures short-term auditory memory and is commonly used in psychological assessments to evaluate working memory capacity.
Digit span forward was administered at baseline (day 1) and FU2 (day 21).
Objective measures of cognitive performance: Digit span backward
Aikaikkuna: Digit span backward was administered at baseline (day 1) and FU2 (day 21).
Three neuropsychological tests were used to measure cognitive performance: Digit span backward is a cognitive task that measures short-term memory by requiring participants to recall a sequence of numbers in reverse order. This task is more challenging than recalling the numbers in the original order, as it involves both storage and manipulation of the information.
Digit span backward was administered at baseline (day 1) and FU2 (day 21).

Yhteistyökumppanit ja tutkijat

Täältä löydät tähän tutkimukseen osallistuvat ihmiset ja organisaatiot.

Sponsori

Reykjavik University

Yhteistyökumppanit

The Icelandic Research Fund

Tutkijat

  • Päätutkija: Birna Baldursdottir, PhD, Reykjavík University, Iceland

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