Effects of Pancreaticoduodenectomy on Glucose Metabolism

Questionaire All studied patients will be requested to self-complete a detailed questionnaire that collects information on demographic data, including usual adult height and weight, and history of DM in first-degree relatives. Existing medical conditions, including DM, duration of these medical problems, and current medications will also be inquired. The database will also include details of weight measured at the time of recruitment and body mass index (BMI), calculated as weight (kg)/height2 (m2). All studied patients will have FBG levels measured. Patients receiving prescription antidiabetic medications for previously diagnosed DM will be classified as having DM regardless of their FBG value. Among patients not reporting treatment for DM, classification of DM status will be based on the American Diabetes Association criteria; patients will be classified as having DM if the FBG level is ≧126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), as having impaired fasting glucose (IFG) if their FBG is between 100 and 125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L), and as having normal fasting glucose (NFG) if their FBG value is ≦99 mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L).

After withdrawal of anti-diabetic medications for 12 h, the patients were asked to fast overnight for 12 h, then were given 200 ml of formula (220kcal, 14g of protein, 28 g of carbohydrates, and 5 g of fat; Modifast, Stocksund, Sweden) within 10 min through a NG tube on post-operative day 5 (proximal feeding group [PFG]) and a jejunostomy feeding tube (distal feeding group [DFG]) on post-operative day 6. The below parameter will be checked, including

1. HOMA insulin resistance assessment (HOMA-IR)
2. GLP-1
3. GIP
4. C-peptide
5. Insulin
6. Glucose