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Foot-Core Training With/Without Visual Feedback in Pediatric FPP

5 maggio 2026 aggiornato da: Riphah International University

Comparison of Foot-Core Training With and Without Visual Feedback on Gait and Foot Posture in Children With Flexible Pes Planus

This study investigates flexible pes planus (flat feet) in children, a condition where the medial arch collapses during weight-bearing, affecting gait, balance, and foot function. Although foot-core strengthening and visual feedback individually improve arch stability and motor control, their combined effect in pediatric populations remains underexplored. To address this gap, a randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Rafia Grammar School, involving 24 children aged 7-12 years with clinically confirmed flexible pes planus. Participants will be randomly assigned into two groups: one receiving foot-core training alone and the other receiving foot-core training with visual feedback, with interventions carried out twice weekly for 8 weeks. Changes in foot posture and gait will be assessed using standardized outcome measures, and data will be analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. The study aims to determine whether adding visual feedback enhances treatment effectiveness and supports the development of more targeted, evidence-based pediatric rehabilitation strategies.

Panoramica dello studio

Stato

Reclutamento

Condizioni

Intervento / Trattamento

Descrizione dettagliata

Flexible pes planus, commonly observed in children, is characterized by a collapse of the medial longitudinal arch during weight-bearing, which can impair gait efficiency, balance, and foot function if unaddressed. While intrinsic foot muscle (foot-core) strengthening has been shown to improve arch stability and functional outcomes, and visual feedback is recognized for enhancing motor control through real-time sensory input, current literature lacks empirical evidence on the combined effect of these interventions in pediatric flatfoot populations.

Most studies examine either strengthening exercises or feedback mechanisms independently, often without tailoring protocols to the unique neuromuscular learning needs of children. This gap limits the development of comprehensive rehabilitation strategies for flexible pes planus. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of foot-core training with and without visual feedback on foot posture and gait parameters in children with flexible pes planus, thereby contributing to the advancement of targeted, evidence-based pediatric rehabilitation approaches. This randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Rafia Grammar School. Using a convenience sampling technique, children aged 7-12 years with clinically confirmed flexible pes planus will be recruited based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including cognitive readiness and flexibility of the medial arch. After baseline assessment, participants will be randomly allocated into two intervention groups (n1=12, n2=12): one receiving foot-core training alone, and the other receiving foot-core training with visual feedback. The intervention will be performed 2 times per week for 8 weeks. The study will assess changes in gait and foot posture using standardized physical and functional outcome measures. Ethical approval will be secured before starting the study, and all evaluations will be carried out consistently throughout the trial. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.0.

Tipo di studio

Interventistico

Iscrizione (Stimato)

24

Fase

  • Non applicabile

Contatti e Sedi

Questa sezione fornisce i recapiti di coloro che conducono lo studio e informazioni su dove viene condotto lo studio.

Contatto studio

Backup dei contatti dello studio

Luoghi di studio

  • Pakistan
    • Punjab Province
      • Lahore, Punjab Province, Pakistan, 53700
        • Reclutamento
        • Rafia Grammar School
        • Contatto:
        • Contatto:
          • Muhammad Asif Javed, MS-PT
          • Numero di telefono: 923224209422

Criteri di partecipazione

I ricercatori cercano persone che corrispondano a una certa descrizione, chiamata criteri di ammissibilità. Alcuni esempi di questi criteri sono le condizioni generali di salute di una persona o trattamenti precedenti.

Criteri di ammissibilità

Età idonea allo studio

  • Bambino

Accetta volontari sani

No

Descrizione

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Children aged 7-12 years with confirmed flat feet
  • Both Genders
  • Flexibility of flatfeet; tested using Tip toe standing test and Jack's test.
  • Navicular Drop (>10mm)
  • Mini Mental State Examination score > 21
  • Visual acuity of 20/40 (6/12) or better in both eyes, confirmed by Snellen chart test.
  • Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6, > +6)
  • Children demonstrate altered gait parameters consistent with flexible pes planus as measured by temporal-distance gait analysis.
  • Arch Height Index (< 0.31)
  • Medial Longitudinal Arch Angle (<130°)
  • Calcaneal Eversion Angle ( >5° eversion)
  • Subtalar ROM (Dorsiflexion <10°)
  • Footprint Index (Staheli >1.0 or Chippaux >45%)
  • Dynamic Balance; Y-Balance Test (<85% composite score)
  • Functional Scale (LEFS) (<60%)

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Children with tarsal coalitions
  • Congenital defects of lower limbs
  • Previous foot surgery
  • Foot/ankle trauma within the last six (6) months
  • Received balance training or feet muscle strengthening within the last 3 months
  • Visual and vestibular disturbance
  • A history of head injury within the last 3 months
  • Weakness of lower extremities (Manual Muscle testing grade <5)

Piano di studio

Questa sezione fornisce i dettagli del piano di studio, compreso il modo in cui lo studio è progettato e ciò che lo studio sta misurando.

Come è strutturato lo studio?

Dettagli di progettazione

  • Scopo principale: Altro
  • Assegnazione: Randomizzato
  • Modello interventistico: Assegnazione parallela
  • Mascheramento: Separare

Armi e interventi

Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm
Intervento / Trattamento
Comparatore attivo: Group A: Experiment Group 1: Foot-Core Training group
Children will perform the following exercises 2 times per week for 8 weeks, with daily practice encouraged at home. Start with 1-2 sets of 5-15 repetitions, holding each for 5-10 seconds, with 1-2 minutes rest between sets. Progress by increasing repetitions or hold durations gradually (7). The session will take 30-45 mins.
Altro: Foot Core Training

Children will perform exercises 2×/week for 8 weeks with daily home practice. Begin with 1-2 sets of 5-15 reps (hold 5-10 sec), 1-2 min rest, progressing gradually. Session: 30-45 min.

  1. Short-Foot Contraction: Lift medial arch without toe curling (5-15 reps, hold 5-10 sec)
  2. Tip-Toe Heel Raises: Rise, hold 2 sec, lower (15 reps)
  3. Towel Scrunch: Scrunch towel with toes (~1 min)
  4. Marble Pickup: Pick/place objects with toes (~1 min)
  5. Arch Lifting: Lift arch in standing (15 reps)
  6. Plantar Roll + Calf Stretch: Ball roll + stretch (15-30 sec ×2-3)
  7. Toe Spread & Squeeze: Spread and squeeze toes
Altri nomi:
  • Short Foot exercises
Comparatore attivo: Group B: Experiment Group 2: Foot-Core Training with Visual Feedback group
Visual feedback will be provided using mirror therapy with a mirror box (36 × 36 × 48 cm). The child will sit comfortably with the mirror placed at the midline between the legs; one foot will be hidden inside the box while the other remains visible in front of the mirror. As the child performs foot-core exercises with the visible foot, the mirror creates the illusion that both feet are moving symmetrically, enhancing motor learning through visual feedback. The procedure will then be repeated by switching foot positions to ensure bilateral training. Exercises will be performed twice weekly for 8 weeks, with additional home practice encouraged. Each session will last 30-45 minutes, starting with 1-2 sets of 5-15 repetitions (holding each for 5-10 seconds) and progressing gradually with rest intervals of 1-2 minutes between sets.
Altro: Foot Core Training with Visual Feedback

Visual feedback will be delivered via mirror therapy using a 36×36×48 cm mirror box. The child sits with the mirror at midline; one foot is hidden inside the box while the other is visible. While performing foot-core exercises, the mirror creates the illusion of symmetrical movement. The process is repeated by switching feet to ensure bilateral training.

Exercises will be done 2×/week for 8 weeks (home practice encouraged), 1-2 sets of 5-15 reps (hold 5-10 sec), 1-2 min rest, session 30-45 min.

  1. Short-Foot: Lift arch without toe curling (5-15 reps)
  2. Heel Raises: Tip-toe, hold 2 sec (15 reps)
  3. Towel Scrunch: Toe curl (~1 min)
  4. Marble Pickup: Pick/place objects (~1 min)
  5. Arch Lift: Standing arch raise (15 reps)
  6. Plantar Roll + Stretch: Ball roll + calf stretch (15-30 sec ×2-3)
  7. Toe Spread/Squeeze: Improves foot stability
Altri nomi:
  • Short Foot Eercises with Visual Feedback

Cosa sta misurando lo studio?

Misure di risultato primarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Foot Posture Index
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6) is a reliable and valid tool for pediatric foot assessment, with excellent inter-rater (ICC 0.92-0.97) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.93-0.95). It shows good validity through correlations with radiographic measures (r = 0.37-0.77) and demonstrates strong diagnostic accuracy for flexible flatfoot (AUC 0.82, sensitivity 83.7%, specificity 80.4), supporting its clinical and research use.
Baseline, 8 weeks
Temporal Distance Gait Analysis:
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 8 weeks
Temporal-distance gait analysis using footprint methods is a valid and reliable tool for assessing pediatric gait. It measures parameters like step length, stride width, and cadence via footprints on a marked walkway. Studies show good test-retest reliability (ICCs 0.52-0.98), supporting its use in children with gait abnormalities, including flexible pes planus.
Baseline, 8 weeks
Arch Height Index
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Arch Height Index (AHI) is a reliable and valid measure of pediatric foot structure. It shows strong intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICC ≥ 0.76-0.90) in both sitting and standing positions. Evidence supports its precision and consistency for assessing foot posture in children.
Baseline, 8 weeks
Medial Longitudinal Arch Angle
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Medial Longitudinal Arch (MLA) angle is a reliable and valid clinical measure for assessing pediatric foot posture. It shows excellent intra-rater (ICC 0.88-0.90) and inter-rater (ICC 0.80-0.85) reliability in children aged 6-12 years. It is a simple, non-invasive tool that accurately reflects arch structure and is useful for evaluating flexible flatfoot.
Baseline, 8 weeks
Calcaneal Eversion Angle
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Calcaneal Eversion Angle is a reliable clinical measure for assessing rearfoot position in weight-bearing stance. It shows good intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.84) with consistent repeated measurements, and acceptable inter-rater reliability. Overall, it is a valid and practical tool for evaluating foot posture in both children and adults.
Baseline, 8 weeks
Subtalar joint range of motion
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 8 weeks
The subtalar joint ROM, assessed via goniometry in weight- or non-weight-bearing positions, is a reliable and valid measure in children. It shows good intra-rater reliability (ICC 0.74-0.90) and acceptable inter-rater reliability (ICC ~0.50-0.72). Overall, it is a clinically practical tool for evaluating foot and ankle mobility in pediatric populations.
Baseline, 8 weeks
Footprint Index (Staheli or Chippaux):
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Staheli Index (SI) and Chippaux-Smirak Index (CSI) are reliable footprint-based tools for detecting pediatric flatfoot. They show excellent intra-rater (ICC 0.92-0.99) and good inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.79-0.96), with low measurement error (SEM 0.08-0.21, MDC 0.22-0.59). Both demonstrate strong validity through correlations with radiographic arch measures (r = 0.66-0.79).
Baseline, 8 weeks
Y-Balance Test
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ) is a reliable and valid measure of dynamic balance in children. It shows excellent inter-rater (ICC 0.84-0.92) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.81-0.92), with low SEM (1.80%-3.10%) and MDC (4.98%-8.60%). These findings confirm its sensitivity and clinical usefulness for assessing dynamic postural control in pediatric populations.
Baseline, 8 weeks
Lower Extremity Functional Scale
Lasso di tempo: Baseline, 8 weeks
The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) is a reliable and valid patient-reported tool for assessing lower limb function in children and adolescents. It shows excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.972) and strong construct validity. It also correlates highly with pediatric quality of life measures (r = 0.859).
Baseline, 8 weeks

Altre misure di risultato

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Tiptoe standing test
Lasso di tempo: Baseline
The Tiptoe Standing Test is a valid clinical tool for differentiating flexible from rigid pes planus, based on reformation of the medial longitudinal arch during tiptoe stance. It shows good reliability, with intra-rater ICC 0.80-0.90 and inter-rater ICC 0.70-0.85. Despite some observer variability, it remains a practical and efficient pediatric screening method.
Baseline
Jack's test
Lasso di tempo: Baseline
Jack's Test (Hubscher Maneuver) assesses medial arch flexibility and windlass mechanism function for diagnosing flexible flatfoot. It shows excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC 0.85-0.92) and moderate to high inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.75-0.88), especially with trained examiners. It also correlates well with radiographic measures, making it a valid tool for distinguishing structural vs functional deformities in children.
Baseline
Navicular Drop Test
Lasso di tempo: Baseline
The Navicular Drop (ND) Test is used to assess medial arch flexibility and confirm flexible flatfoot. It measures the change in navicular height from non-weight bearing to weight bearing, with >10 mm indicating flexible flatfoot. It shows acceptable reliability (ICC 0.61-0.79) and is a valid measure of medial arch function.
Baseline
Mini-Mental State Examination
Lasso di tempo: Baseline
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a well-established cognitive screening tool with strong validity and reliability. It shows good construct and criterion validity, correlating well with full neuropsychological assessments. It also demonstrates high test-retest reliability (r = 0.80-0.89) and strong inter-rater reliability (ICC ≈ 0.75).
Baseline
Snellen Visual Acuity Test
Lasso di tempo: Baseline
The Snellen Visual Acuity Test is a standardized measure of distance vision in children, performed at 6 meters using optotypes. It demonstrates high reliability (ICC 0.89-0.94) and strong validity with clinical vision assessments. It also shows good diagnostic accuracy for refractive errors, with sensitivity of 80%-92% and specificity of 85%-94%.
Baseline
Manual Muscle testing
Lasso di tempo: Baseline
Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) shows good validity and excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC ≈ 0.99), particularly when performed by trained clinicians. Inter-rater reliability is variable (ICC 0.37-0.87), depending on examiner consistency and standardization. With experienced assessors, reliability can be very high (ICC up to 0.984), making it a useful clinical tool when properly applied.
Baseline

Collaboratori e investigatori

Qui è dove troverai le persone e le organizzazioni coinvolte in questo studio.

Sponsor

Riphah International University

Investigatori

  • Investigatore principale: Hafiza Syeda Javeria Fayyaz, MS-PT, Riphah International University

Pubblicazioni e link utili

La persona responsabile dell'inserimento delle informazioni sullo studio fornisce volontariamente queste pubblicazioni. Questi possono riguardare qualsiasi cosa relativa allo studio.

Pubblicazioni generali

Studiare le date dei record

Queste date tengono traccia dell'avanzamento della registrazione dello studio e dell'invio dei risultati di sintesi a ClinicalTrials.gov. I record degli studi e i risultati riportati vengono esaminati dalla National Library of Medicine (NLM) per assicurarsi che soddisfino specifici standard di controllo della qualità prima di essere pubblicati sul sito Web pubblico.

Studia le date principali

Inizio studio (Effettivo)

13 aprile 2026

Completamento primario (Stimato)

10 luglio 2026

Completamento dello studio (Stimato)

30 agosto 2026

Date di iscrizione allo studio

Primo inviato

5 maggio 2026

Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità

5 maggio 2026

Primo Inserito (Effettivo)

11 maggio 2026

Aggiornamenti dei record di studio

Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)

11 maggio 2026

Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC

5 maggio 2026

Ultimo verificato

1 maggio 2026

Maggiori informazioni

Termini relativi a questo studio

Parole chiave

Termini MeSH pertinenti aggiuntivi

Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio

  • REC/RCR&AHS/HAFIZASYEDAJAVERIA

Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)

Hai intenzione di condividere i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)?

NO

Informazioni su farmaci e dispositivi, documenti di studio

Studia un prodotto farmaceutico regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Studia un dispositivo regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Queste informazioni sono state recuperate direttamente dal sito web clinicaltrials.gov senza alcuna modifica. In caso di richieste di modifica, rimozione o aggiornamento dei dettagli dello studio, contattare register@clinicaltrials.gov. Non appena verrà implementata una modifica su clinicaltrials.gov, questa verrà aggiornata automaticamente anche sul nostro sito web .

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