Effectiveness, Patient Acceptance, and Cost Estimation of 3D-printed Retainer Compared to Hawley Retainer in Expansion Case: a Randomized Controlled Trial
2026年6月15日 更新者：ASMA ASHARI、National University of Malaysia
Expansion of the arches is generally considered highly unstable and prone to relapse regardless of the type of expansion.
Retention appliances play a vital role in preserving these changes.
Hawley retainer users often avoid wearing them due to speech difficulties and less aesthetic appeal.
They are also more prone to breakage, costlier, and require more labour.
Despite the relatively recent introduction of 3D-printed retainers, they offer potential advantages in orthodontics, including the accuracy of digitally scanned images, reduced labour and material costs, and improved patient comfort.
While 3D-printed retainers are quite new, most studies focus on laboratory testing of their mechanical properties, there is limited evidence directly comparing their effectiveness in retaining arch width increases, patient acceptance, and cost estimation.
This knowledge gap creates uncertainty about the optimal choice of retainer for long-term stability, necessitating a comparative assessment of their performance.
This study addresses this knowledge gap by evaluating the retention of arch width increases achieved using Hawley retainers versus 3D-printed retainers
調査の概要
状態
まだ募集していません
詳細な説明
Maxillary dentoalveolar expansion is a procedure to correct transverse discrepancies between the maxillary and mandibular arches by applying forces to widen the maxillary arch.
This procedure is inherently unstable and is susceptible to relapse.
While Hawley retainers (HR) have served as the established standard for retention after maxillary expansion, recent studies have shown that modified thermoforming retainers can be as effective as HR.
The emergence of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) and three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has significantly streamlined fabricating appliances and prostheses.
3D printing material is more rigid, with superior compression and tensile strength.
Thus, a normal shape 3D-printed retainer may be a viable choice for the retention of maxillary expansion.
A recent systematic review highlighted a critical gap in knowledge regarding the long-term clinical efficacy and durability of 3D-printed retainers.
Thus, the present study aimed to address this research gap by investigating the long-term clinical effectiveness, patient acceptance, and cost estimation of 3D-printed retainers in expansion cases.
This study will be carried out as a multicentre prospective randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) conducted at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Malaya (UM), and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM).
Orthodontic patients who fulfil the inclusion criteria will be randomly allocated into the HR or 3D-printed retainer groups.
Dental casts of patients will be measured at intercanine width (ICW), inter-premolar width (IPMW), inter-first molar mesiobuccal cusp width 1 (IFMW1), and inter-first molar distobuccal cusp width 2 (IFMW2) for both groups at debond(T0), 3(T1), 6(T2), and 12(T3).
The outcome assessor and data analyst will be blinded to the retention method.
The researcher will evaluate the patient's acceptance at T2 & T3 and conduct a cost analysis at T1 post-debond.
The findings of this study will contribute valuable data to the field of orthodontics, aiding clinicians in determining the most effective long-term retention strategy for patients who have undergone maxillary dentoalveolar expansion.
研究の種類
介入
入学 (推定)
28
段階
- 適用できない
連絡先と場所
このセクションには、調査を実施する担当者の連絡先の詳細と、この調査が実施されている場所に関する情報が記載されています。
研究連絡先
- 名前：Asma Ashari, BDS Adel, MClinDent Lon, MOrth
- 電話番号：+603 8921 5555
- メール：asmaashari@ukm.edu.my
研究連絡先のバックアップ
- 名前：ALIZAE MARNY FADZLIN SYED MOHAMED
- 電話番号：+6038921 5555
- メール：alizaemarny@ukm.edu.my
研究場所
-
-
Kuala Lumpur
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Kuala Lumpur、Kuala Lumpur、マレーシア、50300
- National University of Malaysia
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コンタクト：
- Fakulti pergigian UKM
- 電話番号：+6039289 7741
- メール：asmaashari@ukm.edu.my
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主任研究者：
- Mei Ling Cheng
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Kuala Lumpur、Kuala Lumpur、マレーシア、50603
- University Malaya
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コンタクト：
- May Nak Lau
- 電話番号：+60379674802
- メール：minalau@um.edu.my
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副調査官：
- Zhang Yi Tan
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Selangor
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Sungai Buloh、Selangor、マレーシア、47000
- University Teknologi Mara Selangor branch
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コンタクト：
- Nik Mukhriz Nik Mustapha
- 電話番号：+6036126 6103
- メール：nikmukhriz@uitm.edu.my
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副調査官：
- Siti Nor Hafizah Salehun
-
-
参加基準
研究者は、適格基準と呼ばれる特定の説明に適合する人を探します。これらの基準のいくつかの例は、人の一般的な健康状態または以前の治療です。
適格基準
就学可能な年齢
- 子
- 大人
- 高齢者
健康ボランティアの受け入れ
はい
説明
Inclusion Criteria:
- Patients aged 16 years or older at the time of debonding
- Treatment plan of extraction or non-extraction followed by straight wire appliances in the upper arch only or both arches
- Undergone expansion treatment in the upper arch causing an arch width increase of 3-10mm, either using a Quadhelix, expansion with archwires, or URA with midline screw
- Had pretreatment dental cast
- Had no chronic medical condition.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Cleft lip and palate
- Chronic medical conditions
- Broken teeth or bubbles on study model at site of measurement.
研究計画
このセクションでは、研究がどのように設計され、研究が何を測定しているかなど、研究計画の詳細を提供します。
研究はどのように設計されていますか？
デザインの詳細
- 主な目的：他の
- 割り当て：ランダム化
- 介入モデル：並列代入
- マスキング：独身
武器と介入
参加者グループ / アーム |
介入・治療 |
|---|---|
|
アクティブコンパレータ：Hawley retainer
A screening will be done to select suitable patients for the study.
Only patients who fulfil the criteria will be invited to participate in this study.
Following informed consent, eligible subjects will be randomly allocated into one of two groups wither hawley retainer or 3D printed retainer.
Fabrication of Hawley retainers will be done using a standardized design across all centres.
|
Hawley retainers have served as the established standard for retention after maxillary expansion.
Standard design of Hawley Retainer: - Labial bow (0.8mm hard stainless steel) from canine to canine - Adam clasp on the molar (0.7mm hard stainless steel) - acrylic baseplate (2-3mm thickness) .
|
|
実験的：3D printed retainer
A screening will be done to select suitable patients for the study.
Only patients who fulfil the criteria will be invited to participate in this study.
Following informed consent, eligible subjects will be randomly allocated into one of two groups wither hawley retainer or 3D printed retainer.
Fabrication of 3d printed retainers will be done using a standardized design at one main centres by one technician using Nextdent Orhtoflex Resin.
|
3D-printed retainer Using Nextdent Orthoflex resin Standard design of 3D printed retainer:
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この研究は何を測定していますか？
主要な結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
|---|---|---|
|
Retention of the maxillary expansion
時間枠：12 months
|
|
12 months
|
二次結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
|---|---|---|
|
Patient acceptance
時間枠：12 months
|
Subjects will be given and asked to complete a questionnaire on patient acceptance (see attachment) at 6 and 12 months post-debond. The Questionnaire has been validated and published by (Saw et al. 2025). It uses a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to ask six questions related to subject acceptance of orthodontic retainers in fitting, speech, appearance, oral hygiene, durability, and comfort. Refer to Attachment 1 (Malay version) and Attachment 2 (English Version) for the questionnaires. |
12 months
|
|
cost estimation
時間枠：6 months
|
To estimate and compare the costs associated with the implementation and provision of 3D-printed retainers between clinics with existing in-house 3D-printing facilities and clinics planning to acquire 3D-printing services.
The analysis will include direct costs such as equipment acquisition, materials, software, maintenance, laboratory procedures, and staff chairside time.
|
6 months
|
協力者と研究者
ここでは、この調査に関係する人々や組織を見つけることができます。
捜査官
- スタディディレクター：Asma Ashari, MClinDent Lon、National University of Malaysia
出版物と役立つリンク
研究に関する情報を入力する責任者は、自発的にこれらの出版物を提供します。これらは、研究に関連するあらゆるものに関するものである可能性があります。
一般刊行物
- Hichens L, Rowland H, Williams A, Hollinghurst S, Ewings P, Clark S, Ireland A, Sandy J. Cost-effectiveness and patient satisfaction: Hawley and vacuum-formed retainers. Eur J Orthod. 2007 Aug;29(4):372-8. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjm039.
- Naeem OA, Bencharit S, Yang IH, Stilianoudakis SC, Carrico C, Tufekci E. Comparison of 3-dimensional printing technologies on the precision, trueness, and accuracy of printed retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2022 Apr;161(4):582-591. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.03.016.
- Firlej M, Zaborowicz K, Zaborowicz M, Firlej E, Domagala I, Pieniak D, Igielska-Kalwat J, Dmowski A, Biedziak B. Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Orthodontic Retainers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 May 9;19(9):5775. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095775.
- Tsoukala E, Lyros I, Tsolakis AI, Maroulakos MP, Tsolakis IA. Direct 3D-Printed Orthodontic Retainers. A Systematic Review. Children (Basel). 2023 Apr 3;10(4):676. doi: 10.3390/children10040676.
- Saw ZK, Yuen JJX, Ashari A, Ibrahim Bahemia F, Low YX, Nik Mustapha NM, Lau MN. Forward-backward translation, content validity, face validity, construct validity, criterion validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency of a questionnaire on patient acceptance of orthodontic retainer. PLoS One. 2025 Jan 3;20(1):e0314853. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0314853. eCollection 2025.
- Nakornnoi T, Bunjerdjin P, Santiwong P, Sipiyaruk K, Neoh SP, Chintavalakorn R. The Influence of Thickness on the Mechanical Behaviors of 3D Printing Resins for Orthodontic Retainers. Int J Biomater. 2024 Jun 25;2024:7398478. doi: 10.1155/2024/7398478. eCollection 2024.
- Ashari A, Xian L, Syed Mohamed AMF, Wahab RMA, Kit YC, Tata MD, Sinnasamy S, Kuppusamy E. One-year comparative assessment of retention of arch width increases between modified vacuum-formed and Hawley retainers. Angle Orthod. 2022 Mar 1;92(2):197-203. doi: 10.2319/050921-363.1.
- Ashari A, Nik Mustapha NM, Yuen JJX, Saw ZK, Lau MN, Xian L, Syed Mohamed AMF, Megat Abdul Wahab R, Yeoh CK, Deva Tata M, Sinnasamy S. A two-year comparative assessment of retention of arch width increases between modified vacuum-formed and Hawley retainers: a multi-center randomized clinical trial. Prog Orthod. 2022 Aug 26;23(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s40510-022-00424-5.
- Stoev YY, Uzunov TT, Stoyanova NS, Grozdanova-Uzunova RG, Kosturkov DN, Taneva IK. Mechanical properties of materials for 3D printed orthodontic retainers. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2023 Dec 31;65(6):986-992. doi: 10.3897/folmed.65.e107299.
- Neoh SP, Khantachawana A, Chintavalakorn R, Santiwong P, Srikhirin T. Comparison of physical, mechanical, and optical properties between thermoplastic materials and 3-dimensional printing resins for orthodontic clear retainers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2025 Jan;167(1):95-109.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2024.06.010.
研究記録日
これらの日付は、ClinicalTrials.gov への研究記録と要約結果の提出の進捗状況を追跡します。研究記録と報告された結果は、国立医学図書館 (NLM) によって審査され、公開 Web サイトに掲載される前に、特定の品質管理基準を満たしていることが確認されます。
主要日程の研究
研究開始 (推定)
2026年6月1日
一次修了 (推定)
2027年12月1日
研究の完了 (推定)
2027年12月1日
試験登録日
最初に提出
2026年6月8日
QC基準を満たした最初の提出物
2026年6月15日
最初の投稿 (実際)
2026年6月22日
学習記録の更新
投稿された最後の更新 (実際)
2026年6月22日
QC基準を満たした最後の更新が送信されました
2026年6月15日
最終確認日
2026年6月1日
詳しくは
本研究に関する用語
キーワード
その他の研究ID番号
- JEP 2025-630 (その他の識別子：National university of Malaysia)
個々の参加者データ (IPD) の計画
個々の参加者データ (IPD) を共有する予定はありますか?
未定
IPD プランの説明
Only data relevant to the study analyses will be provided.
All personal identifiers and information that could reveal participant identity will be removed to protect confidentiality and comply with ethical requirements.
医薬品およびデバイス情報、研究文書
米国FDA規制医薬品の研究
いいえ
米国FDA規制機器製品の研究
いいえ
この情報は、Web サイト clinicaltrials.gov から変更なしで直接取得したものです。研究の詳細を変更、削除、または更新するリクエストがある場合は、register@clinicaltrials.gov。 までご連絡ください。 clinicaltrials.gov に変更が加えられるとすぐに、ウェブサイトでも自動的に更新されます。