Clinical Evaluation of 3D-Printed Versus Direct Composite Restorations in Class II Cavities

Participants will receive Class II restorations fabricated from a commercially available 3D-printable permanent composite resin using a standardized digital workflow. The restorations will be adhesively bonded to the prepared cavities according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Class II cavities will be restored with digitally designed and 3D-printed permanent composite inlays. The restorations will be post-cured and adhesively cemented according to the material manufacturer's recommendations

Participants will receive conventional direct Class II restorations using a commercially available resin-based composite. Restorations will be placed incrementally using a standardized adhesive protocol and light-curing procedure according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Both groups will be clinically evaluated at baseline and during the 18-month follow-up period using standardized clinical criteria.

Class II cavities will be restored directly using a conventional light-cured resin-based composite placed with a standardized incremental technique and adhesive protocol

Description: Clinical evaluation of fracture and retentin was conducted in accordance with the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria by two calibrated examiners at baseline and after 6, 12, and 18 months. Each restoration was evaluated according to the degree of conformity with the established criteria as follows: score 1, excellent; scores 2 and 3, satisfactory; and scores 4 and 5, inadequate. Scores of 1-3 were considered indicative of clinical success, whereas scores of 4 or 5 were considered indicative of failure.