Virtual Reality and Cryotherapy for Postoperative Pain and Anxiety After Cesarean Section (VRCSTrail)
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality and Cryotherapy on Postoperative Pain and Anxiety Among Women Undergoing Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Three-Arm Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial
연구 개요
상세 설명
Cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Despite advances in perioperative care, many women continue to experience moderate to severe postoperative pain and anxiety, which can negatively affect early mobilization, breastfeeding, maternal-infant bonding, and overall recovery. Although pharmacological analgesia remains the standard of care, non-pharmacological interventions may provide additional benefits while minimizing medication-related adverse effects.
Virtual reality is an immersive distraction technique that has shown promise in reducing pain perception and anxiety in various clinical settings. Cryotherapy is another non-pharmacological intervention that may reduce pain through local cooling, decreased nerve conduction velocity, and reduced inflammatory responses. However, evidence regarding their combined effectiveness after cesarean section remains limited.
The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality and cryotherapy, individually and in combination, on postoperative pain and anxiety among women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated to the study groups according to the trial protocol. Pain and anxiety outcomes will be measured using validated assessment instruments at predefined postoperative time points. The primary outcomes are postoperative pain intensity and anxiety. The results are expected to contribute to evidence-based postoperative nursing care by identifying effective, safe, and feasible non-pharmacological interventions for women undergoing cesarean section.
연구 유형
등록 (추정된)
단계
- 해당 없음
참여기준
자격 기준
공부할 수 있는 나이
- 성인
건강한 자원 봉사자를 받아들입니다
설명
Inclusion Criteria:
Female participants aged 18 to 45 years. Undergoing elective or emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Hemodynamically stable after surgery. Able to understand Arabic. Conscious, oriented, and able to complete study questionnaires. Willing to participate and provide written informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
Undergoing cesarean section under general anesthesia. Severe postoperative complications requiring intensive care. Severe visual or hearing impairment preventing virtual reality use. History of epilepsy or seizure disorder. Severe motion sickness or vestibular disorders. Known psychiatric illness interfering with outcome assessment. Cognitive impairment preventing completion of questionnaires. Skin disease, wound complications, cold hypersensitivity, Raynaud's phenomenon, or allergy/intolerance to cryotherapy.
Severe intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. Refusal to participate or withdrawal of informed consent.
공부 계획
연구는 어떻게 설계됩니까?
디자인 세부사항
- 주 목적: 치료
- 할당: 무작위
- 중재 모델: 병렬 할당
- 마스킹: 하나의
무기와 개입
참가자 그룹 / 팔 |
개입 / 치료 |
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실험적: Virtual Reality
Participants receive a 30-minute virtual reality intervention using a head-mounted display with calming audiovisual content in addition to routine postoperative care following cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
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Participants receive a 30-minute immersive virtual reality session using a head-mounted display with calming, non-violent audiovisual content during the early postoperative period after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
The intervention is administered according to a standardized protocol.
다른 이름들:
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실험적: Cryotherapy
Participants receive cryotherapy using cold gel packs (10-15°C) applied over or near the cesarean incision area for 15 minutes with a protective barrier, in addition to routine postoperative care.
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Participants receive localized cryotherapy using cold gel packs maintained at approximately 10-15°C and applied over or near the cesarean incision area for 15 minutes with a protective barrier between the cold pack and the skin.
Skin integrity is monitored before and after treatment.
다른 이름들:
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간섭 없음: Routine Care Control
Participants receive routine postoperative care according to the hospital protocol without virtual reality or cryotherapy during the study assessment period.
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연구는 무엇을 측정합니까?
주요 결과 측정
결과 측정 |
측정값 설명 |
기간 |
|---|---|---|
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Postoperative Pain Intensity
기간: Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
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Postoperative pain intensity measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain).
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Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
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2차 결과 측정
결과 측정 |
측정값 설명 |
기간 |
|---|---|---|
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Anxiety Score
기간: Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
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Anxiety measured using the Arabic version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-State).
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Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
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Time to First Rescue Analgesia
기간: Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
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Time from completion of the intervention to the first administration of rescue analgesic medication.
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Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
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Total Analgesic Consumption
기간: Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
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Total postoperative analgesic consumption during the observation period.
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Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
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Adverse Events
기간: Throughout the intervention and postoperative observation period (up to 6 hours after the intervention).
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Incidence of adverse events related to virtual reality or cryotherapy, including dizziness, nausea, headache, eye strain, motion sickness, excessive cold sensation, skin redness, numbness, burning sensation, or other treatment-related events.
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Throughout the intervention and postoperative observation period (up to 6 hours after the intervention).
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공동 작업자 및 조사자
간행물 및 유용한 링크
일반 간행물
- Li A, Montano Z, Chen VJ, Gold JI. Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directions. Pain Manag. 2011 Mar;1(2):147-157. doi: 10.2217/pmt.10.15.
- Wang ZR, Ni GX. Is it time to put traditional cold therapy in rehabilitation of soft-tissue injuries out to pasture? World J Clin Cases. 2021 Jun 16;9(17):4116-4122. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i17.4116.
- Niyonkuru E, Iqbal MA, Zhang X, Ma P. Complementary Approaches to Postoperative Pain Management: A Review of Non-pharmacological Interventions. Pain Ther. 2025 Feb;14(1):121-144. doi: 10.1007/s40122-024-00688-1. Epub 2024 Dec 17.
연구 기록 날짜
연구 주요 날짜
연구 시작 (추정된)
기본 완료 (추정된)
연구 완료 (추정된)
연구 등록 날짜
최초 제출
QC 기준을 충족하는 최초 제출
처음 게시됨 (실제)
연구 기록 업데이트
마지막 업데이트 게시됨 (실제)
QC 기준을 충족하는 마지막 업데이트 제출
마지막으로 확인됨
추가 정보
이 연구와 관련된 용어
추가 관련 MeSH 약관
기타 연구 ID 번호
- S.B.M.U.26.858
개별 참가자 데이터(IPD) 계획
개별 참가자 데이터(IPD)를 공유할 계획입니까?
IPD 계획 설명
약물 및 장치 정보, 연구 문서
미국 FDA 규제 의약품 연구
미국 FDA 규제 기기 제품 연구
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수술 후 통증에 대한 임상 시험
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Bingol UniversityAtaturk University아직 모집하지 않음수술 전 불안 | 두려움 | PAIN
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Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York University; National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)모병
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Istanbul University모병Masticatory Muscle Pain | 근시 통증 증후군 (MP)칠면조
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Istanbul University모병이갈이 | 근막 통증 증후군 | Masticatory Muscle Pain | 현지 근육통터키 (Türkiye)
Virtual Reality에 대한 임상 시험
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Region Skane초대로 등록
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Virginia Commonwealth UniversityEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)모병
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Emrah AyAtaturk University; Prof. Dr. Mağfiret Kaşıkçı완전한
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The Hospital for Sick Children모집하지 않고 적극적으로
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Wen-zhao ZHONGGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital알려지지 않은
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Sakarya UniversityThe Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey아직 모집하지 않음
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Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Research Institute알려지지 않은
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Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Research InstituteUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona모병