- ICH GCP
- Registro degli studi clinici negli Stati Uniti
- Sperimentazione clinica NCT07696949
Virtual Reality and Cryotherapy for Postoperative Pain and Anxiety After Cesarean Section (VRCSTrail)
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality and Cryotherapy on Postoperative Pain and Anxiety Among Women Undergoing Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Three-Arm Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial
Panoramica dello studio
Stato
Intervento / Trattamento
Descrizione dettagliata
Cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Despite advances in perioperative care, many women continue to experience moderate to severe postoperative pain and anxiety, which can negatively affect early mobilization, breastfeeding, maternal-infant bonding, and overall recovery. Although pharmacological analgesia remains the standard of care, non-pharmacological interventions may provide additional benefits while minimizing medication-related adverse effects.
Virtual reality is an immersive distraction technique that has shown promise in reducing pain perception and anxiety in various clinical settings. Cryotherapy is another non-pharmacological intervention that may reduce pain through local cooling, decreased nerve conduction velocity, and reduced inflammatory responses. However, evidence regarding their combined effectiveness after cesarean section remains limited.
The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality and cryotherapy, individually and in combination, on postoperative pain and anxiety among women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated to the study groups according to the trial protocol. Pain and anxiety outcomes will be measured using validated assessment instruments at predefined postoperative time points. The primary outcomes are postoperative pain intensity and anxiety. The results are expected to contribute to evidence-based postoperative nursing care by identifying effective, safe, and feasible non-pharmacological interventions for women undergoing cesarean section.
Tipo di studio
Iscrizione (Stimato)
Fase
- Non applicabile
Criteri di partecipazione
Criteri di ammissibilità
Età idonea allo studio
- Adulto
Accetta volontari sani
Descrizione
Inclusion Criteria:
Female participants aged 18 to 45 years. Undergoing elective or emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Hemodynamically stable after surgery. Able to understand Arabic. Conscious, oriented, and able to complete study questionnaires. Willing to participate and provide written informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
Undergoing cesarean section under general anesthesia. Severe postoperative complications requiring intensive care. Severe visual or hearing impairment preventing virtual reality use. History of epilepsy or seizure disorder. Severe motion sickness or vestibular disorders. Known psychiatric illness interfering with outcome assessment. Cognitive impairment preventing completion of questionnaires. Skin disease, wound complications, cold hypersensitivity, Raynaud's phenomenon, or allergy/intolerance to cryotherapy.
Severe intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. Refusal to participate or withdrawal of informed consent.
Piano di studio
Come è strutturato lo studio?
Dettagli di progettazione
- Scopo principale: Trattamento
- Assegnazione: Randomizzato
- Modello interventistico: Assegnazione parallela
- Mascheramento: Separare
Armi e interventi
Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm |
Intervento / Trattamento |
|---|---|
|
Sperimentale: Virtual Reality
Participants receive a 30-minute virtual reality intervention using a head-mounted display with calming audiovisual content in addition to routine postoperative care following cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
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Participants receive a 30-minute immersive virtual reality session using a head-mounted display with calming, non-violent audiovisual content during the early postoperative period after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
The intervention is administered according to a standardized protocol.
Altri nomi:
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Sperimentale: Cryotherapy
Participants receive cryotherapy using cold gel packs (10-15°C) applied over or near the cesarean incision area for 15 minutes with a protective barrier, in addition to routine postoperative care.
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Participants receive localized cryotherapy using cold gel packs maintained at approximately 10-15°C and applied over or near the cesarean incision area for 15 minutes with a protective barrier between the cold pack and the skin.
Skin integrity is monitored before and after treatment.
Altri nomi:
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Nessun intervento: Routine Care Control
Participants receive routine postoperative care according to the hospital protocol without virtual reality or cryotherapy during the study assessment period.
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Cosa sta misurando lo studio?
Misure di risultato primarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
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Postoperative Pain Intensity
Lasso di tempo: Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
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Postoperative pain intensity measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain).
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Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
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Misure di risultato secondarie
Misura del risultato |
Misura Descrizione |
Lasso di tempo |
|---|---|---|
|
Anxiety Score
Lasso di tempo: Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
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Anxiety measured using the Arabic version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-State).
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Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
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Time to First Rescue Analgesia
Lasso di tempo: Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
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Time from completion of the intervention to the first administration of rescue analgesic medication.
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Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
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Total Analgesic Consumption
Lasso di tempo: Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
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Total postoperative analgesic consumption during the observation period.
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Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
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Adverse Events
Lasso di tempo: Throughout the intervention and postoperative observation period (up to 6 hours after the intervention).
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Incidence of adverse events related to virtual reality or cryotherapy, including dizziness, nausea, headache, eye strain, motion sickness, excessive cold sensation, skin redness, numbness, burning sensation, or other treatment-related events.
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Throughout the intervention and postoperative observation period (up to 6 hours after the intervention).
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Collaboratori e investigatori
Pubblicazioni e link utili
Pubblicazioni generali
- Li A, Montano Z, Chen VJ, Gold JI. Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directions. Pain Manag. 2011 Mar;1(2):147-157. doi: 10.2217/pmt.10.15.
- Wang ZR, Ni GX. Is it time to put traditional cold therapy in rehabilitation of soft-tissue injuries out to pasture? World J Clin Cases. 2021 Jun 16;9(17):4116-4122. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i17.4116.
- Niyonkuru E, Iqbal MA, Zhang X, Ma P. Complementary Approaches to Postoperative Pain Management: A Review of Non-pharmacological Interventions. Pain Ther. 2025 Feb;14(1):121-144. doi: 10.1007/s40122-024-00688-1. Epub 2024 Dec 17.
Collegamenti utili
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Studia le date principali
Inizio studio (Stimato)
Completamento primario (Stimato)
Completamento dello studio (Stimato)
Date di iscrizione allo studio
Primo inviato
Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità
Primo Inserito (Effettivo)
Aggiornamenti dei record di studio
Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)
Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC
Ultimo verificato
Maggiori informazioni
Termini relativi a questo studio
Termini MeSH pertinenti aggiuntivi
- Dolore
- Manifestazioni neurologiche
- Disordini mentali
- Complicanze postoperatorie
- Processi patologici
- Condizioni patologiche, segni e sintomi
- Segni e sintomi
- Dolore, Postoperatorio
- Disturbi d'ansia
- Terapie
- Attrezzatura e forniture
- Apparecchiature elettriche e forniture
- Dispositivi elettronici indossabili
- Crioterapia
- Occhiali intelligenti
Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio
- S.B.M.U.26.858
Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)
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Descrizione del piano IPD
Informazioni su farmaci e dispositivi, documenti di studio
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Queste informazioni sono state recuperate direttamente dal sito web clinicaltrials.gov senza alcuna modifica. In caso di richieste di modifica, rimozione o aggiornamento dei dettagli dello studio, contattare register@clinicaltrials.gov. Non appena verrà implementata una modifica su clinicaltrials.gov, questa verrà aggiornata automaticamente anche sul nostro sito web .
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Berker OkayCompletatoStress, Psicologico | Ansia | PauraTurchia (Türkiye)
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Virginia Commonwealth UniversityEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development...Reclutamento
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George Washington UniversityTerminatoDisturbo vestibolareStati Uniti