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Virtual Reality and Cryotherapy for Postoperative Pain and Anxiety After Cesarean Section (VRCSTrail)

11. juli 2026 opdateret af: Zaid Ali Jebur, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality and Cryotherapy on Postoperative Pain and Anxiety Among Women Undergoing Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Three-Arm Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality and cryotherapy, used separately and in combination, in reducing postoperative pain and anxiety among women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups or a control group according to the study design. Postoperative pain and anxiety will be assessed using validated measurement tools at predetermined time points after surgery. The findings of this study may provide evidence for safe, non-pharmacological interventions to improve postoperative recovery and patient comfort following cesarean section.

Studieoversigt

Status

Ikke rekrutterer endnu

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Detaljeret beskrivelse

Cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. Despite advances in perioperative care, many women continue to experience moderate to severe postoperative pain and anxiety, which can negatively affect early mobilization, breastfeeding, maternal-infant bonding, and overall recovery. Although pharmacological analgesia remains the standard of care, non-pharmacological interventions may provide additional benefits while minimizing medication-related adverse effects.

Virtual reality is an immersive distraction technique that has shown promise in reducing pain perception and anxiety in various clinical settings. Cryotherapy is another non-pharmacological intervention that may reduce pain through local cooling, decreased nerve conduction velocity, and reduced inflammatory responses. However, evidence regarding their combined effectiveness after cesarean section remains limited.

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality and cryotherapy, individually and in combination, on postoperative pain and anxiety among women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated to the study groups according to the trial protocol. Pain and anxiety outcomes will be measured using validated assessment instruments at predefined postoperative time points. The primary outcomes are postoperative pain intensity and anxiety. The results are expected to contribute to evidence-based postoperative nursing care by identifying effective, safe, and feasible non-pharmacological interventions for women undergoing cesarean section.

Undersøgelsestype

Interventionel

Tilmelding (Anslået)

120

Fase

  • Ikke anvendelig

Deltagelseskriterier

Forskere leder efter personer, der passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kaldet berettigelseskriterier. Nogle eksempler på disse kriterier er en persons generelle helbredstilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.

Berettigelseskriterier

Aldre berettiget til at studere

  • Voksen

Tager imod sunde frivillige

Ingen

Beskrivelse

Inclusion Criteria:

Female participants aged 18 to 45 years. Undergoing elective or emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Hemodynamically stable after surgery. Able to understand Arabic. Conscious, oriented, and able to complete study questionnaires. Willing to participate and provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

Undergoing cesarean section under general anesthesia. Severe postoperative complications requiring intensive care. Severe visual or hearing impairment preventing virtual reality use. History of epilepsy or seizure disorder. Severe motion sickness or vestibular disorders. Known psychiatric illness interfering with outcome assessment. Cognitive impairment preventing completion of questionnaires. Skin disease, wound complications, cold hypersensitivity, Raynaud's phenomenon, or allergy/intolerance to cryotherapy.

Severe intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. Refusal to participate or withdrawal of informed consent.

Studieplan

Dette afsnit indeholder detaljer om studieplanen, herunder hvordan undersøgelsen er designet, og hvad undersøgelsen måler.

Hvordan er undersøgelsen tilrettelagt?

Design detaljer

  • Primært formål: Behandling
  • Tildeling: Randomiseret
  • Interventionel model: Parallel tildeling
  • Maskning: Enkelt

Våben og indgreb

Deltagergruppe / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Eksperimentel: Virtual Reality
Participants receive a 30-minute virtual reality intervention using a head-mounted display with calming audiovisual content in addition to routine postoperative care following cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
Enhed: Virtual Reality
Participants receive a 30-minute immersive virtual reality session using a head-mounted display with calming, non-violent audiovisual content during the early postoperative period after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. The intervention is administered according to a standardized protocol.
Andre navne:
  • Head-Mounted Display (HMD)
Eksperimentel: Cryotherapy
Participants receive cryotherapy using cold gel packs (10-15°C) applied over or near the cesarean incision area for 15 minutes with a protective barrier, in addition to routine postoperative care.
Andet: Cryotherapy
Participants receive localized cryotherapy using cold gel packs maintained at approximately 10-15°C and applied over or near the cesarean incision area for 15 minutes with a protective barrier between the cold pack and the skin. Skin integrity is monitored before and after treatment.
Andre navne:
  • Cold Gel Pack
Ingen indgriben: Routine Care Control
Participants receive routine postoperative care according to the hospital protocol without virtual reality or cryotherapy during the study assessment period.

Hvad måler undersøgelsen?

Primære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Postoperative Pain Intensity
Tidsramme: Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
Postoperative pain intensity measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain).
Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).

Sekundære resultatmål

Resultatmål
Foranstaltningsbeskrivelse
Tidsramme
Anxiety Score
Tidsramme: Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
Anxiety measured using the Arabic version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-State).
Baseline (pre-intervention), immediately after the intervention, 2 hours after the intervention, and 6 hours after the intervention (if feasible).
Time to First Rescue Analgesia
Tidsramme: Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
Time from completion of the intervention to the first administration of rescue analgesic medication.
Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
Total Analgesic Consumption
Tidsramme: Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
Total postoperative analgesic consumption during the observation period.
Up to 6 hours after the intervention.
Adverse Events
Tidsramme: Throughout the intervention and postoperative observation period (up to 6 hours after the intervention).
Incidence of adverse events related to virtual reality or cryotherapy, including dizziness, nausea, headache, eye strain, motion sickness, excessive cold sensation, skin redness, numbness, burning sensation, or other treatment-related events.
Throughout the intervention and postoperative observation period (up to 6 hours after the intervention).

Samarbejdspartnere og efterforskere

Det er her, du vil finde personer og organisationer, der er involveret i denne undersøgelse.

Sponsor

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Publikationer og nyttige links

Den person, der er ansvarlig for at indtaste oplysninger om undersøgelsen, leverer frivilligt disse publikationer. Disse kan handle om alt relateret til undersøgelsen.

Generelle publikationer

Hjælpsomme links

Datoer for undersøgelser

Disse datoer sporer fremskridtene for indsendelser af undersøgelsesrekord og resumeresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieregistreringer og rapporterede resultater gennemgås af National Library of Medicine (NLM) for at sikre, at de opfylder specifikke kvalitetskontrolstandarder, før de offentliggøres på den offentlige hjemmeside.

Studer store datoer

Studiestart (Anslået)

12. juli 2026

Primær færdiggørelse (Anslået)

12. september 2026

Studieafslutning (Anslået)

12. oktober 2026

Datoer for studieregistrering

Først indsendt

6. juli 2026

Først indsendt, der opfyldte QC-kriterier

6. juli 2026

Først opslået (Faktiske)

10. juli 2026

Opdateringer af undersøgelsesjournaler

Sidste opdatering sendt (Faktiske)

14. juli 2026

Sidste opdatering indsendt, der opfyldte kvalitetskontrolkriterier

11. juli 2026

Sidst verificeret

1. juli 2026

Mere information

Begreber relateret til denne undersøgelse

Nøgleord

Yderligere relevante MeSH-vilkår

Andre undersøgelses-id-numre

  • S.B.M.U.26.858

Plan for individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)

Planlægger du at dele individuelle deltagerdata (IPD)?

INGEN

IPD-planbeskrivelse

There is no plan to make individual participant data (IPD) available to other researchers.

Lægemiddel- og udstyrsoplysninger, undersøgelsesdokumenter

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Betingelser

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Placeringer

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