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Examining the Effects of ARCS-Based Education on Cardiovascular System Physical Examination Skills, Motivation, and Self-Efficacy Levels in Nursing Students

23 juli 2026 bijgewerkt door: Şeyda KAZANÇ, Cumhuriyet University

Examining the Effects of ARCS-Based Education on Cardiovascular System Physical Examination Skills, Motivation, and Self-Efficacy Levels in Nursing Students: A Randomized Controlled Experimental Study

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ARCS-based nursing education on skill levels, motivation, and self-efficacy in the physical examination of the cardiovascular system.

Background: In nursing education, it is crucial for students to acquire skills in comprehensive patient assessment and physical examination. Motivation and academic self-efficacy are key factors in education and academic success.

Methods: This study was conducted during the Spring Semester of 2025-2026 with 100 second-year students enrolled in the Department of Nursing at Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University's Faculty of Health Sciences, as part of the Health Assessment course. Students who received cardiovascular system education using traditional methods were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group also received training based on the ARCS motivation model. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, a Cardiovascular System Examination Skills Assessment Form, the "Motivation Scale for Instructional Material," and the "Academic Self-Efficacy Scale." This randomized controlled experimental study was conducted and reported in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Voltooid

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Werkelijk)

100

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studie Locaties

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Kind
  • Volwassen
  • Oudere volwassene

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Being a second-year nursing student (18-25 years old),
  • Taking the physical examination course for the first time
  • Voluntarily agreeing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Being a student transferring from another program,
  • Having difficulty understanding and speaking Turkish
  • Having graduated from a Health Vocational High School
  • Currently participating in any training related to physical examination in nursing; Not having taken courses related to physical examination of the cardiovascular system Withdrawing from the study or revoking consent during the research,

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Ander
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Enkel

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: ARCS Experimental Group
ARCS Model Training The experimental group received a total of two hours (120 minutes) of supplementary training, structured by the same instructor based on the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) Motivation Model. This training was conducted in accordance with the model's four components, using the following activities in sequence: Attention Component , Relevance Component , Confidence Component , Satisfaction Component
Ander: ARCS Model Education
The experimental group received a total of two hours (120 minutes) of supplementary training, structured by the same instructor based on the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) Motivation Model. This training was conducted in accordance with the model's four components, using the following activities in sequence:
Ander: Structured Supplementary Training Based on the ARCS Motivation Model
The experimental group received a total of two hours (120 minutes) of supplementary training, structured by the same instructor based on the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) Motivation Model. This training was conducted in accordance with the model's four components, using the following activities in sequence:
Geen tussenkomst: Control Group: Traditional Reinforcement Training
The control group received reinforcement training using the traditional question-and-answer method, conducted by the same instructor during the same time period (one week later). During this process, the instructor summarized and reviewed the topics covered in the four-hour basic training on cardiovascular system examination (history-taking, inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, heart sounds, peripheral pulse, and circulation assessment); the instructor verbally assessed the students' level of understanding by asking them questions in sequence. Based on the students' responses, any gaps or misunderstandings were verbally corrected; however, motivational and interactive activities-such as scenario-based exercises, role-playing, station-based activities, immediate feedback, or rewards-which were implemented in the experimental group, were not included. The control group's training was completed in the same amount of time (two hours) as the experimental group's but was conduct

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Motivation Scale for Instructional Material
Tijdsspanne: The assessment will be conducted in two separate time periods. The first assessment will be immediately before the training, and the second assessment will be two weeks after the training (post-training test).
It is assessed using a 5-point Likert-type scale, and the total score range is between 33 and 165 point; an increase in score is interpreted as an increase in motivation. an increase in score is interpreted as an increase in motivation. The lower and upper score ranges are categorized as very low (33-37) and very high (161-165), respectively.
The assessment will be conducted in two separate time periods. The first assessment will be immediately before the training, and the second assessment will be two weeks after the training (post-training test).
Academic Self-Efficacy Scale:
Tijdsspanne: The assessment will be conducted in two separate time periods. The first assessment will be immediately before the training, and the second assessment will be two weeks after the training (post-training test).
To assess academic self-efficacy, the "Academic Self-Efficacy Scale"-developed by Owen and Froman (1988) and adapted into Turkish by Ekici (2012) was used. It is noted that the scale consists of a total of 33 items and 3 dimensions, and that it can be used as a single-dimension scale. The scale is scored on a five-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 33 to 165. The scale's subdimensions are listed as social status, cognitive applications, and technical skills. In the validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the scale, the Cronbach's Alpha value was found to be 0.86 (Ekici, 2012). In this study, Cronbach's Alpha values were found to be 0.904 for the pretest and 0.963 for the posttest.
The assessment will be conducted in two separate time periods. The first assessment will be immediately before the training, and the second assessment will be two weeks after the training (post-training test).
Cardiac and Circulatory System Examination Skills Assessment Form:
Tijdsspanne: The assessment will be conducted by OSCE two weeks after the training, during the students' practical applications.
A 54-item form covering the cardiovascular system examination-including taking a medical history, identifying key areas when auscultating heart sounds, and using inspection, palpation, and auscultation methods, as well as assessing the jugular vein, carotid artery, and capillary refill-has been developed in accordance with the literature (Özden, 2024; Yava and Koyuncu, 2017). This form was used as part of a post-education structured clinical examination (OSCE) to assess students' skills. Three categories were established for student evaluations, and the ability to perform the task described in the relevant item was scored as follows: Performed: 2 points; Incomplete/Incorrect: 1 point; Did Not Perform: 0 points. A maximum score of 0-108 points can be achieved on the skills form. A high score indicates good skill development.
The assessment will be conducted by OSCE two weeks after the training, during the students' practical applications.

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Cumhuriyet University

Publicaties en nuttige links

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Algemene publicaties

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

7 mei 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)

15 mei 2026

Studie voltooiing (Werkelijk)

15 juni 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

7 juli 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

23 juli 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

29 juli 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

29 juli 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

23 juli 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 juli 2025

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • TOGU SBF

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Beschrijving IPD-plan

In order to protect personal data, the data is not available for sharing.

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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