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Antibiotic Tissue Penetration and Tissue Response in Head and Neck Infection and Reconstructive Surgery (ANTIBIOTIKA)

1 november 2026 bijgewerkt door: Tejs Ehlers Klug

Antibiotic Penetration and Tissue Response in Infection and Reconstructive Surgery of the Head and Neck Region: A Microdialysis Study of Cefuroxime, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid

The goal of this study is to measure how well commonly used antibiotics reach the tissue in the head and neck region in adults with a postoperative neck infection or undergoing reconstructive nasal surgery with an inferior turbinate flap. The study also describes markers of ischemia and inflammation in the newly created flap during the first days after surgery.

The main question it aims to answer is: For how long do the free concentrations of cefuroxime, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid stay above the minimal inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) in infected tissue, non-infected tissue, the flap, and plasma?

Participants will receive the antibiotics on a fixed, protocol-defined schedule for about two days. Small microdialysis catheters will be placed in the tissue to collect fluid continuously, and serial blood samples will be drawn. Participation ends when the last sample is collected and the catheters are removed.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Werving

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Gedetailleerde beschrijving

Infections in the head and neck region and reconstructive surgery in the nasal and sinus area are associated with considerable morbidity and require effective antibiotic treatment. Treatment is based mainly on systemic antibiotic concentrations, but little is known about actual tissue penetration in infected tissue and in reconstructed flaps, where perfusion, edema, ischemia, and inflammation may alter drug distribution. Microdialysis is a minimally invasive method for continuous sampling of free, pharmacologically active drug concentrations and metabolic and inflammatory markers in the extracellular fluid.

This is a prospective, non-randomized, open-label, exploratory interventional study with two sub-studies and a total of 16 participants. All study drugs are marketed antibiotics used in routine clinical practice; they are administered in a protocol-defined regimen to allow pharmacokinetic sampling.

Sub-study 1 (n=8): Adults admitted with a postoperative infection in the neck. Treatment is started on day 1 with cefuroxime 750 mg IV four times daily and dicloxacillin 1000 mg orally four times daily. On day 2, microdialysis catheters are placed in infected and non-infected subcutaneous tissue of the neck, and sampling is performed over two consecutive dosing intervals: (1) cefuroxime 750 mg IV plus dicloxacillin 1000 mg orally, sampled for 6 hours; and (2) cefuroxime 1500 mg IV plus cloxacillin 1000 mg IV, sampled for 8 hours. This allows comparison of two cefuroxime doses and of oral dicloxacillin versus intravenous cloxacillin.

Sub-study 2 (n=8): Adults undergoing reconstructive surgery with an inferior turbinate flap (IFT flap). Postoperatively, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500/125 mg and dicloxacillin 1000 mg are given orally three times daily. Microdialysis catheters are placed in the flap and in the nasal septal mucosa (reference tissue). Ischemia markers (glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol) and inflammatory proteins are sampled hourly during the first 6 postoperative hours and in the morning and evening of day 2. Antibiotic concentrations are measured over one dosing interval after the morning dose on day 2.

In both sub-studies, dialysate is collected in 30-60 minute intervals and serial blood samples are drawn for plasma concentrations. Catheters are calibrated in vivo at the end of sampling. Drug concentrations are analysed by LC-MS. Clinically indicated treatment can be changed by the treating physician at any time.

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Geschat)

16

Fase

  • Fase 4

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studiecontact

Studie Contact Back-up

  • Naam: Tejs Ehlers Klug, MD, DMSc
  • Telefoonnummer: +45 51604046
  • E-mail: tejsklug@rm.dk

Studie Locaties

  • Denemarken
      • Aarhus N, Denemarken, 8200
        • Werving
        • Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

18 jaar en ouder (Volwassen, Oudere volwassene)

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Nee

Geslachten die in aanmerking komen voor studie

Allemaal

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Signed informed consent
  • Either a postoperative infection in the neck (sub-study 1) or planned reconstruction with an inferior turbinate flap (sub-study 2)
  • Age 18 years or older

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Known allergy or hypersensitivity to any of the study antibiotics (cefuroxime, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid)
  • eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
  • Pregnancy or planned pregnancy

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Fundamentele wetenschap
  • Toewijzing: Niet-gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Geen (open label)

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Experimenteel: Sub-study 1: Postoperative Neck Infection

Adults with a postoperative infection in the neck (n=8). Cefuroxime 750 mg IV four times daily and dicloxacillin 1000 mg orally four times daily from day 1. On day 2, microdialysis in infected and non-infected subcutaneous tissue over two consecutive dosing intervals: (1) cefuroxime 750 mg IV + dicloxacillin 1000 mg orally (6 hours); (2) cefuroxime 1500 mg IV + cloxacillin 1000 mg IV (8 hours), with serial plasma samples.
Geneesmiddel: Cefuroxime

Sub-study 1: Cefuroxime 750 mg intravenously four times daily from day 1. On day 2, one dosing interval of cefuroxime 750 mg IV (sampled over 6 hours) followed by one dosing interval of cefuroxime 1500 mg IV (sampled over 8 hours), to compare tissue penetration of the two doses.

Geneesmiddel: Dicloxacillin

Dicloxacillin 1000 mg orally. Sub-study 1: four times daily from day 1, with tissue and plasma sampling during the first dosing interval on day 2 (6 hours). Sub-study 2: three times daily postoperatively from day 1, with tissue and plasma sampling over one dosing interval after the morning dose on day 2.

Geneesmiddel: Cloxacillin

Sub-study 1: Cloxacillin 1000 mg intravenously as a single dose in the second dosing interval on day 2 (given together with cefuroxime 1500 mg IV), with tissue and plasma sampling over 8 hours, to compare with oral dicloxacillin.

Procedure: Microdialysis and serial blood sampling

CE-marked microdialysis catheters perfused with isotonic saline (0.5-1 microL/min) are placed in the target tissues: infected and non-infected subcutaneous neck tissue (sub-study 1), or the inferior turbinate flap and nasal septal mucosa as reference tissue (sub-study 2). Dialysate is collected in 30-60 minute intervals, with serial blood samples drawn for plasma concentrations. Catheters are calibrated in vivo at the end of sampling and then removed.
Experimenteel: Sub-study 2: Inferior Turbinate Flap Reconstruction

Adults undergoing reconstructive surgery with an inferior turbinate flap (n=8). Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500/125 mg and dicloxacillin 1000 mg orally three times daily postoperatively from day 1. Microdialysis in the flap and in nasal septal mucosa (reference tissue): ischemia markers and inflammatory proteins hourly for the first 6 postoperative hours and morning/evening on day 2; amoxicillin and dicloxacillin concentrations over one dosing interval after the morning dose on day 2, with serial plasma samples.
Geneesmiddel: Dicloxacillin

Dicloxacillin 1000 mg orally. Sub-study 1: four times daily from day 1, with tissue and plasma sampling during the first dosing interval on day 2 (6 hours). Sub-study 2: three times daily postoperatively from day 1, with tissue and plasma sampling over one dosing interval after the morning dose on day 2.

Procedure: Microdialysis and serial blood sampling

CE-marked microdialysis catheters perfused with isotonic saline (0.5-1 microL/min) are placed in the target tissues: infected and non-infected subcutaneous neck tissue (sub-study 1), or the inferior turbinate flap and nasal septal mucosa as reference tissue (sub-study 2). Dialysate is collected in 30-60 minute intervals, with serial blood samples drawn for plasma concentrations. Catheters are calibrated in vivo at the end of sampling and then removed.

Geneesmiddel: Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid

Sub-study 2: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500/125 mg orally three times daily postoperatively from day 1 (together with dicloxacillin), with tissue and plasma sampling of amoxicillin over one dosing interval after the morning dose on day 2.

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Time Above the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (T>MIC) in Tissue and Plasma
Tijdsspanne: Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.

Time during which the free concentration of each study antibiotic (cefuroxime, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) exceeds the minimal inhibitory concentration in each measured tissue (microdialysis) and in plasma (serial blood samples), calculated from concentration-time profiles. Pre-specified MIC targets: cefuroxime 4 mg/L; cloxacillin 2 mg/L; dicloxacillin 2 mg/L; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 2 mg/L (amoxicillin component). Reported as time (hours) and as percentage of the dosing interval.
Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) in Tissue and Plasma
Tijdsspanne: Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.

AUC of the free concentration of each study antibiotic in each measured tissue compartment (microdialysis) and in plasma.
Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.
Tissue Penetration Ratio (AUC Tissue / AUC Plasma)
Tijdsspanne: Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.

Ratio of the AUC of the free antibiotic concentration in each tissue compartment to the AUC in plasma, for each study antibiotic.
Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.
Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in Tissue and Plasma
Tijdsspanne: Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.

Peak free concentration of each study antibiotic in each measured tissue compartment and in plasma.
Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.
Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) in Tissue and Plasma
Tijdsspanne: Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.

Time from dose administration to peak free concentration of each study antibiotic in each measured tissue compartment and in plasma.
Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.
Elimination Half-Life (T1/2) in Tissue and Plasma
Tijdsspanne: Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.

Elimination half-life of each study antibiotic in each measured tissue compartment and in plasma, derived from the concentration-time profiles.
Sub-study 1: two consecutive dosing intervals on day 2 (0-6 hours and 0-8 hours after dosing). Sub-study 2: one dosing interval (approximately 8 hours) after the morning dose on postoperative day 2.
Lactate/Pyruvate Ratio in the Inferior Turbinate Flap
Tijdsspanne: Hourly during the first 6 postoperative hours (day 1), and in the morning and evening of postoperative day 2.

Lactate/pyruvate ratio measured in microdialysate from the inferior turbinate flap and the nasal septal reference tissue, as a marker of tissue ischemia (sub-study 2).
Hourly during the first 6 postoperative hours (day 1), and in the morning and evening of postoperative day 2.
Tissue Ischemia Markers (Glucose, Lactate, Pyruvate, and Glycerol)
Tijdsspanne: Sub-study 2: hourly during the first 6 postoperative hours (day 1), and in the morning and evening of postoperative day 2. Sub-study 1: during the sampling period on day 2 (up to approximately 14 hours).

Concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol in microdialysate from the measured tissue compartments.
Sub-study 2: hourly during the first 6 postoperative hours (day 1), and in the morning and evening of postoperative day 2. Sub-study 1: during the sampling period on day 2 (up to approximately 14 hours).
Inflammatory Proteins in Microdialysate
Tijdsspanne: Hourly during the first 6 postoperative hours (day 1), and in the morning and evening of postoperative day 2.

Levels of inflammatory proteins measured in microdialysate from the inferior turbinate flap and the nasal septal reference tissue, to characterize the early postoperative inflammatory tissue response (sub-study 2).
Hourly during the first 6 postoperative hours (day 1), and in the morning and evening of postoperative day 2.

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Tejs Ehlers Klug

Medewerkers

Danish Cancer Society

Onderzoekers

  • Hoofdonderzoeker: Tejs Ehlers Klug, MD, DMSc, Aarhus University Hospital

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Geschat)

1 november 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Geschat)

1 september 2028

Studie voltooiing (Geschat)

1 december 2028

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

20 oktober 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

20 oktober 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

26 oktober 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

4 november 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

1 november 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 november 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 2026-526995-22-00
  • 2026-526995-22-00 (Ctis)

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

Bent u van plan om gegevens van individuele deelnemers (IPD) te delen?

NEE

Beschrijving IPD-plan

Individual participant data will not be shared publicly due to Danish and EU data protection legislation (GDPR). Aggregated results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and reported in CTIS.

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

Deze informatie is zonder wijzigingen rechtstreeks van de website clinicaltrials.gov gehaald. Als u verzoeken heeft om uw onderzoeksgegevens te wijzigen, te verwijderen of bij te werken, neem dan contact op met register@clinicaltrials.gov. Zodra er een wijziging wordt doorgevoerd op clinicaltrials.gov, wordt deze ook automatisch bijgewerkt op onze website .

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