Satiety, Microbiome, Appetite Regulation, and Tracking Energy Across Targeted Snacks: Acute Postprandial Study (SMARTEATS-PP)
21. august 2026 oppdatert av: Zoe Global Limited
The ZOE SMART EATS (Satiety, Microbiome, Appetite Regulation, and Tracking Energy Across Targeted Snacks) Acute Postprandial Study: Investigating the Acute Effects of a High-fibre Plant-based Snack Bar on Subjective Postprandial Hunger, Energy Intake and Eating Behaviour in Healthy UK Adults.
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn how eating different snack foods affects acute hunger, energy intake and eating behaviour in healthy adults. The study will be conducted remotely over 5 days.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does eating a snack bar intervention change how hungry participants feel later in the same day?
- Does eating a snack bar intervention change participants' energy intake, nutrient intake and eating behaviour on the same day?
- Does eating a snack bar intervention change participants mood, energy levels and alertness later in the same day?
Researchers will compare an intervention snack bar to a control snack bar to see if the intervention improves hunger, energy intake, eating behaviour, and other subjective measures.
Participants will:
- Eat 2 snack bars for breakfast on 2 separate days, with 2 days in between
- Not eat anything after 9pm the night before each test day
- Fill out short online surveys (under 5 minutes) before breakfast and at set times over the next 3 hours
- Not eat for 3 hours after breakfast
- Write down everything they eat that day
Studieoversikt
Status
Rekruttering
Forhold
Intervensjon / Behandling
Detaljert beskrivelse
Diet, and snacking behaviour in particular, plays an important role in long-term health. Snacking now contributes substantially to daily energy intake in the UK and US: data from the ZOE PREDICT study show that 95% of adults snack at least once a day, with snacks accounting for around a quarter of daily energy intake (2.28 snacks/day). However, the average UK snack has a poor nutrient profile, high in refined carbohydrates, added sugars, and saturated fat, and low in fibre and micronutrients, a pattern linked to poorer cardiometabolic health. Despite public health guidance to consume at least 30g of fibre a day, UK adults consume an average of around 20g/day. However, the composition and timing of a snack are important determinants of its effects on hunger, energy, and other health markers.
This trial evaluates an intervention (2 x snack bars) against a control (2 x snack bars that reflect the average nutrient profile of snacks currently sold in the UK). Using a control snack bar means any effects observed can be attributed to the specific formulation of the intervention snack bar, rather than simply to a change in snacking habits or a reduction in overall snack consumption.
The primary aim of the study is to determine whether the intervention snack bars reduce subjective postprandial hunger (in the hours after eating them), compared with control snack bars broadly representative of the average UK snack nutrient profile. The study will be conducted in 2 phases. In this phase (phase 1; acute postprandial study), 54 participants will complete a crossover postprandial study measuring hunger, satiety, mood, energy, and alertness over 3 hours, and as an end of day measure following consumption of the intervention or control; as well as eating behaviour and subsequent energy and nutrient intake on that day. The postprandial design allows the acute, within-day effects of the intervention snack bars to be assessed under tightly controlled conditions.
Studietype
Intervensjonell
Registrering (Antatt)
54
Fase
- Ikke aktuelt
Kontakter og plasseringer
Denne delen inneholder kontaktinformasjon for de som utfører studien, og informasjon om hvor denne studien blir utført.
Studiekontakt
- Navn: Study Co-ordinator
- Telefonnummer: +44 (0)330 818 8669
- E-post: smarteats-trial@joinzoe.com
Studiesteder
-
-
-
London, Storbritannia
- Rekruttering
- ZOE limited
-
Ta kontakt med:
- Study Co-ordinator
- Telefonnummer: +44 (0)330 818 8669
- E-post: smarteats-trial@joinzoe.com
-
-
Deltakelseskriterier
Forskere ser etter personer som passer til en bestemt beskrivelse, kalt kvalifikasjonskriterier. Noen eksempler på disse kriteriene er en persons generelle helsetilstand eller tidligere behandlinger.
Kvalifikasjonskriterier
Alder som er kvalifisert for studier
- Voksen
- Eldre voksen
Tar imot friske frivillige
Ja
Beskrivelse
Inclusion Criteria:
- Willing and able to follow the study protocol
- Willing and able to provide informed consent
- Regular consumption of snacks (≥2 per day)
- Fibre intake <20 g/d
- Living in the UK
Exclusion Criteria:
- Have BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m² or more than 40 kg/m²
- Have an allergy or intolerance to ingredients in the intervention or control snack bars (including inulin) or cannot eat the food products safely and comfortably for any reason
- Have a personal medical history of inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation, or chronic diarrhoea
- Have started a new supplement in the past month, or are unwilling to maintain current supplement use throughout the study
- Previously purchased any ZOE products (including Daily30, ZOE gut health bar or ZOE app membership).
- Have taken any medication or product that may modify the measured study outcomes, in the past 3 months (including but not limited to: fibre supplements, antibiotics, non-topical steroids or other immunosuppressive medicines, probiotics or prebiotics, metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, lipid-lowering medications such as fibrates, statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
- Have used opiate pain medication or a proton pump inhibitor for 8 or more consecutive days during the past 3 months
- Have experienced a heart attack, stroke or major surgery in the last 2 months
- Have received treatment for cancer in the last 3 months
- Are currently pregnant, breastfeeding or planning a pregnancy
- Are diagnosed with an eating disorder, type 1 diabetes mellitus or type 2 diabetes mellitus
Studieplan
Denne delen gir detaljer om studieplanen, inkludert hvordan studien er utformet og hva studien måler.
Hvordan er studiet utformet?
Designdetaljer
- Primært formål: Forebygging
- Tildeling: Randomisert
- Intervensjonsmodell: Crossover-oppdrag
- Masking: Dobbelt
Våpen og intervensjoner
Deltakergruppe / Arm |
Intervensjon / Behandling |
|---|---|
|
Eksperimentell: Intervention
Breakfast test meal consisting of 2 x intervention snack bars
|
A high-fibre plant-based snack bar.
|
|
Placebo komparator: Control
Breakfast test meal consisting of 2 x control snack bars
|
Commercially available snack bars (UK); reflects the energy and macronutrient profile of a typical UK snack.
|
Hva måler studien?
Primære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Tiltaksbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
|
Postprandial hunger
Tidsramme: Within 3 hours post-test meal consumption.
|
Assessed using digital visual analogue scales (VAS; 0-100) with anchor points 0 = 'not at all hungry', 100 = 'extremely hungry'.
Completed at pre-specified time points immediately before and during a 3h post-meal fast.
|
Within 3 hours post-test meal consumption.
|
Sekundære resultatmål
Resultatmål |
Tiltaksbeskrivelse |
Tidsramme |
|---|---|---|
|
Postprandial satiety
Tidsramme: Within 3 hours post-test meal consumption.
|
Subjective postprandial satiety ratings, assessed using digital visual analogue scales (VAS; 0-100), with anchor points 0 = 'not at all', 100 = 'extremely'.
Completed at pre-specified time points immediately before and during a 3h post-meal fast.
|
Within 3 hours post-test meal consumption.
|
|
Postprandial mood and energy
Tidsramme: Within 3 hours post-test meal consumption.
|
Subjective postprandial ratings of mood and energy, assessed using digital visual analogue scales (VAS; 0-100), with anchor points 0 = 'not at all', 100 = 'extremely'.
Completed at pre-specified time points immediately before and during a 3h post-meal fast.
|
Within 3 hours post-test meal consumption.
|
|
Eating rate
Tidsramme: Duration of test meal consumption (day 1, day 4).
|
Self-reported eating rate (g/min) of the intervention and control test meals.
Derived from the amount of food consumed (g) and self-reported eating duration (mins)
|
Duration of test meal consumption (day 1, day 4).
|
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Time to next meal
Tidsramme: Anticipated 3-6 hours post-test meal consumption (day 1, day 4).
|
Self-reported time to next meal (mins) following the test meals.
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Anticipated 3-6 hours post-test meal consumption (day 1, day 4).
|
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Energy and nutrient intake
Tidsramme: Post-3 hour fast to midnight (day 1, day 4).
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Energy (kcal) and nutrient intake (g; %EI) following the test meals.
Assessed using digital food log (myFood24).
|
Post-3 hour fast to midnight (day 1, day 4).
|
Samarbeidspartnere og etterforskere
Det er her du vil finne personer og organisasjoner som er involvert i denne studien.
Sponsor
Etterforskere
- Hovedetterforsker: Berry E Sarah, Professor, King's College London
Publikasjoner og nyttige lenker
Den som er ansvarlig for å legge inn informasjon om studien leverer frivillig disse publikasjonene. Disse kan handle om alt relatert til studiet.
Generelle publikasjoner
- Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Jan;24(1):38-48. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801083.
- Zhu Y, Blundell JE, Holschuh NM, McLean R, Menon RS. Validation of a Mobile App-Based Visual Analog Scale for Appetite Measurement in the Real World: A Randomized Digital Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 7;15(2):304. doi: 10.3390/nu15020304.
- Brown R, Ware L, Gray AR, Chisholm A, Tey SL. Snacking on Almonds Lowers Glycaemia and Energy Intake Compared to a Popular High-Carbohydrate Snack Food: An Acute Randomised Crossover Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Oct 19;18(20):10989. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010989.
- Kikuchi H, Yoshiuchi K, Inada S, Ando T, Yamamoto Y. Development of an ecological momentary assessment scale for appetite. Biopsychosoc Med. 2015 Jan 15;9(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s13030-014-0029-6. eCollection 2015.
- Scheer FA, Morris CJ, Shea SA. The internal circadian clock increases hunger and appetite in the evening independent of food intake and other behaviors. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Mar;21(3):421-3. doi: 10.1002/oby.20351.
- Beaulieu K, Oustric P, Alkahtani S, Alhussain M, Pedersen H, Quist JS, Faerch K, Finlayson G. Impact of Meal Timing and Chronotype on Food Reward and Appetite Control in Young Adults. Nutrients. 2020 May 22;12(5):1506. doi: 10.3390/nu12051506.
- Cheon E, Mattes RD. Interindividual variability in appetitive sensations and relationships between appetitive sensations and energy intake. Int J Obes (Lond). 2024 Apr;48(4):477-485. doi: 10.1038/s41366-023-01436-9. Epub 2023 Dec 22.
- Elsworth RL, Hinton EC, Flynn AN, Merrell LH, Hamilton-Shield JP, Lawrence NS, Brunstrom JM. Development of Momentary Appetite Capture (MAC): A versatile tool for monitoring appetite over long periods. Appetite. 2024 Mar 1;194:107154. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107154. Epub 2023 Dec 9.
- Godwin N, Roberts T, Hooshmand S, Kern M, Hong MY. Mixed Nuts May Promote Satiety While Maintaining Stable Blood Glucose and Insulin in Healthy, Obese, and Overweight Adults in a Two-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Food. 2019 Apr;22(4):427-432. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0127. Epub 2019 Mar 21.
- Bermingham KM, May A, Asnicar F, Capdevila J, Leeming ER, Franks PW, Valdes AM, Wolf J, Hadjigeorgiou G, Delahanty LM, Segata N, Spector TD, Berry SE. Snack quality and snack timing are associated with cardiometabolic blood markers: the ZOE PREDICT study. Eur J Nutr. 2024 Feb;63(1):121-133. doi: 10.1007/s00394-023-03241-6. Epub 2023 Sep 15.
Studierekorddatoer
Disse datoene sporer fremdriften for innsending av studieposter og sammendragsresultater til ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter og rapporterte resultater gjennomgås av National Library of Medicine (NLM) for å sikre at de oppfyller spesifikke kvalitetskontrollstandarder før de legges ut på det offentlige nettstedet.
Studer hoveddatoer
Studiestart (Faktiske)
14. august 2026
Primær fullføring (Antatt)
16. september 2026
Studiet fullført (Antatt)
1. oktober 2026
Datoer for studieregistrering
Først innsendt
13. august 2026
Først innsendt som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
19. august 2026
Først lagt ut (Faktiske)
20. august 2026
Oppdateringer av studieposter
Sist oppdatering lagt ut (Faktiske)
24. august 2026
Siste oppdatering sendt inn som oppfylte QC-kriteriene
21. august 2026
Sist bekreftet
1. august 2026
Mer informasjon
Begreper knyttet til denne studien
Andre studie-ID-numre
- ZOE SMART EATS - Postprandial
Plan for individuelle deltakerdata (IPD)
Planlegger du å dele individuelle deltakerdata (IPD)?
JA
IPD-planbeskrivelse
To protect participant privacy, individual participant clinical data and any data that could be used to identify individuals will not be publicly available and cannot be deposited in public repositories.
In line with journal requirements, data underlying the results in the publication may be made available to bona fide researchers for reproducibility of results.
Proposals, researchers or institutions requesting data will be approved if they meet the standard criteria related to ethics, privacy and data protection regulations.
IPD-delingstidsramme
Starting 6 months after publication.
Tilgangskriterier for IPD-deling
The study data can be released to bona fide researchers by submitting a research proposal approved by a subpanel of our scientific advisory board which meets once per month with independent members to assess proposals.
The data may be pseudo-anonymised or otherwise redacted to comply with the UK General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
Researchers will be required to enter into a GDPR data sharing agreement before data may be released.
Access request proposals should be sent to data.papers@joinzoe.com.
IPD-deling Støtteinformasjonstype
- STUDY_PROTOCOL
- ANALYTIC_CODE
Legemiddel- og utstyrsinformasjon, studiedokumenter
Studerer et amerikansk FDA-regulert medikamentprodukt
Nei
Studerer et amerikansk FDA-regulert enhetsprodukt
Nei
Denne informasjonen ble hentet direkte fra nettstedet clinicaltrials.gov uten noen endringer. Hvis du har noen forespørsler om å endre, fjerne eller oppdatere studiedetaljene dine, vennligst kontakt register@clinicaltrials.gov. Så snart en endring er implementert på clinicaltrials.gov, vil denne også bli oppdatert automatisk på nettstedet vårt. .