The Impact of Diabetes Remission on Aging

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 35 to 70 years.
2. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus according to WHO criteria, with disease duration ≤6 years.
3. HbA1c between 7.0% and 9.5%, OR currently on glucose-lowering medications.
4. Fasting C-peptide ≥1.0 ng/mL.
5. Fasting plasma glucose <13.3 mmol/L.
6. BMI between 25 and 45 kg/m².
7. Willing and able to provide informed consent and comply with study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Diabetes mellitus secondary to other causes (e.g., Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, glucagonoma, drug-induced, or genetic factors).
2. BMI <25 kg/m² or >45 kg/m²; weight loss >5% within the last 3 months; actively trying to lose weight within the last 3 months; use of weight-loss agents, contraceptives, glucocorticoids, or any medication other than antidiabetic drugs that may affect study outcome measurements within the last 3 months; history of bariatric surgery.
3. Type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes duration >10 years; gestational diabetes; other specific types of diabetes.
4. Diagnosis of acute metabolic diabetic complications (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state) or diabetes insipidus within 30 days, or history thereof.
5. Blood pressure ≥180/110 mmHg or malignant hypertension.
6. History of severe gastrointestinal disease; significant cardiac, hepatic, renal, or other systemic organ dysfunction (NYHA functional class ≥II; ALT and/or AST >4× upper limit of normal; GFR <60 mL/min); anemia or other hematological disorders; history of malignancy.
7. History of bariatric surgery or other gastrointestinal surgery causing chronic malabsorption within the past 2 years.

8. Use within 3 months prior to screening of any of the following:

   i. GLP-1 receptor agonists, GLP-1R/GCGR agonists, GIPR/GLP-1R agonists, or GIPR/GLP-1R/GCGR agonists; ii. Medications affecting body weight, including systemic corticosteroids (intravenous, oral, or intra-articular), tricyclic antidepressants, psychiatric medications, or sedatives (e.g., imipramine, amitriptyline, mirtazapine, paroxetine, phenelzine, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, clozapine, olanzapine, valproic acid, valproate derivatives, lithium); iii. Chinese herbal medicines, dietary supplements, or meal replacements that affect body weight; iv. Previous or current use of anti-obesity drugs such as sibutramine, orlistat, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine, mazindol, diethylpropion, lorcaserin, phentermine/topiramate, naltrexone/bupropion; consumption of any alcoholic product within 48 hours prior to screening, or a positive alcohol screening test.

9. Drug abuse or alcohol dependence; severe psychiatric or neurological disorders.
10. Pregnant or breastfeeding women, or women planning to become pregnant within 1 year.
11. Special dietary requirements, or allergy to soy, dairy, or other foods.
12. Current participation in another clinical trial; unwillingness to comply with the lifestyle management and follow-up of this study; or judged by the investigator to be unsuitable for participation.
13. Unwilling or unable to provide informed consent.