Developing a Novel Imaging Biomarker in the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Twenty subjects with a diagnosis of PD whom must:

   i. Male or female patients, age range 20~80. ii. Patients should be fulfilled "UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank Criteria for the Diagnosis of PD" (Appendix I).

   iii. Patients who provide a written informed consent prior to study entry. If the patient is incapable of informed consent, the caregiver may consent on behalf of the patient (the patient must still confirm assent).

2. Twenty subjects with a diagnosis of MSA whom must:

   i. Male or female patients, age range 20~80. ii. Patients should be fulfilled the Consensus diagnostic criteria of "possible" or "probable" MSA14 (Appendix I).

   iii. Patients who provide a written informed consent prior to study entry. If the patient is incapable of informed consent, the caregiver may consent on behalf of the patient (the patient must still confirm assent).

3. Twenty subjects with a diagnosis of PSP whom must:

   i. Male or female patients, age range 20~80. ii. Patients should be fulfilled the NINDS-SPSP clinical criteria for the diagnosis of PSP " as possible" or "probable" PSP55 (Appendix III).

   iii. Patients who provide a written informed consent prior to study entry. If the patient is incapable of informed consent, the caregiver may consent on behalf of the patient (the patient must still confirm assent).

4. Twenty subjects with a diagnosis of CBS whom must:

   i. Male or female patients, age range 20~80. ii. Patients should be fulfilled the"Mayo Clinic proposed criteria for the diagnosis for corticobasal syndrome"56 (Appendix I).

   iii. Patients who provide a written informed consent prior to study entry. If the patient is incapable of informed consent, the caregiver may consent on behalf of the patient (the patient must still confirm assent).

5. Twenty subjects with a diagnosis of VaP whom must:

   i. Male or female patients, age range 20~80. ii. Patients should be fulfilled the clinical diagnostic criteria of vascular parkinsonism. (Appendix I).

   iii. Patients who provide a written informed consent prior to study entry. If the patient is incapable of informed consent, the caregiver may consent on behalf of the patient (the patient must still confirm assent).

6. Twenty subjects with a diagnosis of ET whom must:

   i. Male or female patients, age range 20~80. ii. Patients should be fulfilled the "The Consensus Criteria of the MDS on Essential Tremor"30. (Appendix I).

   iii. Patients who provide a written informed consent prior to study entry. If the patient is incapable of informed consent, the caregiver may consent on behalf of the patient (the patient must still confirm assent).

7. Ten subjects with a diagnosis of DT whom must:

   i. Male or female patients, age range 20~80. ii. Patients should be fulfilled the "The Consensus Criteria of the MDS on Dystonic Tremor"30. (Appendix I).

iii. Patients who provide a written informed consent prior to study entry. If the patient is incapable of informed consent, the caregiver may consent on behalf of the patient (the patient must still confirm assent).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnant or becoming pregnant during the study (as documented by pregnancy testing at screening or at any date during the study according to the PI discretion) or current breast feeding..

2. Any subject who has a clinically significant abnormal laboratory values, and/or clinically significant or unstable medical or psychiatric illness.

   i. Clinically significant hepatic, renal, pulmonary, metabolic, or endocrine disturbances.

   ii. Current clinically significant cardiovascular disease. (cardiac surgery or myocardial infarction within the last 6 months; unstable angina; decompensated congestive heart failure; significant cardiac arrhythmia; congenital heart disease.

3. History of drug or alcohol abuse within the last year, or prior prolonged history of abuse.
4. History or presence of QTc prolongation.
5. History of intracranial operation, including thalamotomy, pallidotomy, and/or deep brain stimulation.
6. Any documented abnormality in the brain by CT or MRI of brain, which might contribute to the motor function, such as hydrocephalus and encephalomalacia, will be excluded. Mild cortical atrophy and non-specific white matter changes will be allowed.
7. Patients who have the evidence of secondary parkinsonism or other neurodegenerative diseases, such as spinocerellar atrophy (SCA), Wilson's disease, hydrocephalus , serious head injury and definite history of neurotoxin exposure, are excluded.
8. History of allergy to radioligands that contain 18F isotope.