Connective Tissue Motion Measure 2

Inclusion Criteria for all subjects:

• able to stand and walk without assistance
• able to read and understand English
• able to understand and sign a consent form

Inclusion Criteria for low back pain subjects:

• history of recurrent or chronic low back pain

Inclusion criteria for no-low back pain subjects:

• no history of low back pain or other chronic pain that has limited activities of daily living or work
• numerical chronic pain index of less than 0.5

Exclusion Criteria for all subjects:

• previous severe back or lower extremity injury or surgery
• major structural spinal deformity (scoliosis, kyphosis, stenosis)
• ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis
• neurological deficit (weakness or sensory loss, decreased deep tendon reflexes suggesting nerve root compression, but not subjective symptoms of nerve root irritation (sciatica))
• radicular pain
• neurological or major psychiatric disorder
• bleeding disorders
• corticosteroid or anticoagulant medication
• substance abuse
• pregnancy
• active worker's compensation or disability case
• in litigation for a low back pain problem
• acute systemic infection