Acute Effects of Coffee on Appetite and Inflammation Markers, Glucose Metabolism and Energy Intake

Acute Effects of Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption on Energy Intake, Appetite, Inflammation and Glucose Metabolism

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption has acute effects on subjective appetite feelings, energy intake and biochemical markers related to appetite, inflammation and glucose metabolism compared to water consumption.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Health
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee

Detailed Description

Coffee is a pharmacologically active, widely consumed beverage. Scientific interest in relation to coffee consumption has been revisited the last decade in the light of new, mainly epidemiological, evidence indicating its potential health benefits. In specific, both cross-sectional and prospective studies indicate that coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk for type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, an inverse association has been found between coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and/or diabetic participants, although the opposite effect has also been reported, mainly in relation to inflammation markers. In relation to body weight, epidemiological data suggest that increment in caffeine consumption is associated with lower mean weight gain and energy intake during a 12-y period.

However, information from clinical studies is scarce. Acute caffeine and/or coffee consumption have been associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. In relation to inflammation, animal studies have indicated a beneficial or no effect of coffee consumption, whereas a clinical study in humans found an increase in adiponectin and a decrease in interleukin-18 (IL-18) blood concentrations after a monthly intervention including daily consumption of 8 cups of coffee. As far as energy balance is concerned, there is an early experiment demonstrating that the ingestion of 300 mg of caffeine prior to food intake, compared to the non-caffeine intake, significantly reduced energy intake by 21.7% in men, but not in women. A more recent study has found that the combination of caffeine and red pepper is positively associated with energy expenditure and negatively with energy intake, whereas, it has also been reported a positive association between habitual caffeine intake and body weight loss achieved through a very-low-calorie diet.

Taking into consideration the limited clinical evidence regarding the acute effect of coffee consumption on appetite-related markers, subsequent energy intake and inflammatory markers, we undertook a clinical study of crossover design to investigate the short-term changes on energy intake, subjective appetite ratings, appetite hormones, inflammation markers and glucose metabolism after caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 16
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Greece
  • Athens, Greece, 17671
    • Metabolic Unit of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 40 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: Male

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• healthy
• non-obese

Exclusion Criteria:

• smokers
• restrained eaters (as this was evaluated using the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire and a total score > 2.5)
• those who reported slimming or any other dietary regime
• abstainers from caffeine sources
• athletes during competition period
• participants with a known diagnosis of either hypertension, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance or a fasting blood glucose concentration above 125 mg/dl
• subjects on medication for hypertension or on medication known to alter glucose metabolism
• subjects who were on medication that may have an impact on appetite and sensory functioning or who reported a metabolic or endocrine disease, gastrointestinal disorders, or a history of medical or surgical events that may have affected the study outcomes

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: caffeinated coffee; 200 mL caffeinated coffee with 3 mg caffeine per kg body weight	Other: caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee; 3 treatments on separate days, i.e. a standard breakfast with oral ingestion of 200 ml of either caffeinated coffee (3mg caffeine/kg body weight), decaffeinated coffee or water
Experimental: decaffeinated coffee; 200 mL decaffeinated coffee, same amount as caffeinated coffee	Other: caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee; 3 treatments on separate days, i.e. a standard breakfast with oral ingestion of 200 ml of either caffeinated coffee (3mg caffeine/kg body weight), decaffeinated coffee or water
Experimental: Water; 200 mL, control intervention	Other: caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee; 3 treatments on separate days, i.e. a standard breakfast with oral ingestion of 200 ml of either caffeinated coffee (3mg caffeine/kg body weight), decaffeinated coffee or water

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Ghrelin Total Area Under the Curve	Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine (PYY) Total Area Under the Curve	Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Total Area Under the Curve	Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
Adiponectin Total Area Under the Curve	Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 3 h post ingestion
Inteleukin-6 Total Area Under the Curve	Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
Interleukin-18 Total Area Under the Curve	Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
Glucose Total Area Under the Curve	Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
Insulin Total Area Under the Curve	Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
Cortisol Total Area Under the Curve	Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 3 hr post ingestion
Energy ad Libitum Meal	The energy of first meal 3 hr after ingestion	3 hr post ingestion
Total Energy Intake	the energy consumed at breakfast, ad libitum meal and rest of the experimental day	1 d

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Serum Antioxidant Capacity Total Area Under the Curve	Serum samples, collected 15 min before ingestion, immediately after ingestion, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min and 150 min after ingestion were analyzed for the ex vivo serum resistance to oxidative stress, that was induced by copper sulfate (CuSO4). The analysis of all collected samples was performed by the measurement of conjugated diene formation, which was monitored for every sample of all time points every 2 min for a 3.5 h period at 234 nm in a microplate spectrophotometer. Total area under the curve was defined as the sum of the areas under and over the baseline using the trapezoidal rule. The time points for the calculations were 15 min before beverage consumption, immediately after beverage consumption, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 min postconsumption.	15 min before ingestion to 21/2 hr post ingestion

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Harokopio University
• Collaborators: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
• Investigators: Study Director: Mary Yannakoulia, PhD, Harokopio University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Gavrieli A, Yannakoulia M, Fragopoulou E, Margaritopoulos D, Chamberland JP, Kaisari P, Kavouras SA, Mantzoros CS. Caffeinated coffee does not acutely affect energy intake, appetite, or inflammation but prevents serum cortisol concentrations from falling in healthy men. J Nutr. 2011 Apr 1;141(4):703-7. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.137323. Epub 2011 Feb 23.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: February 1, 2009
• Primary Completion (Actual): May 1, 2009
• Study Completion (Actual): May 1, 2009

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 26, 2010
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 2, 2010
• First Posted (Estimate): August 3, 2010

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): September 30, 2013
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 26, 2013
• Last Verified: July 1, 2013

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: randomized controlled trial; appetite; energy intake; inflammation; coffee; cortisol; glucose
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pathologic Processes; Inflammation
• Other Study ID Numbers: CofSt