Mechanisms of Rumination Change in Adolescent Depression (RuMeChange)

June 1, 2022 updated by: Scott Langenecker, University of Utah

Developing Rumination-focused Treatment to Reduce Risk for Depression Recurrence (RDR) in Adolescence

This study will evaluate whether a newer treatment, rumination-focused cognitive behavioral treatment, which includes mindfulness and can be used to reduce ruminative habits, change ways in which key brain regions interact with each other (e.g.., often called connectivity), and whether these changes in habits and brain connectivity can reduce the risk for recurrence of depression in the next two years.

Study Overview

Detailed Description

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a disease that has it's onset in childhood and early adolescence for many. Treatments in adolescence tend to be acute and short-term. Unfortunately, between half and three quarters of adolescents who have a first episode of MDD will go to have a second episode within the next two years. Studies in adults suggest that maintenance treatments or preventative treatments can lower these risks and delay or stop recurrences.

The present study will use a preventative strategy, rumination-focused CBT (RF-CBT) to delay or stop the onset of another MD episode for at least two years.

For the first 2 years of the study, adolescents with a history of MDD who are currently well will be randomly selected for either treatment with RF-CBT or just treatment as usual in the first two years of the study.

In the last 3 years of the study, these adolescents will be randomized to either RF-CBT or Relaxation Therapy above and beyond TAU (Treatment as Usual). Brain, cognitive, and self-report measurements are collected before during and after the intervention to evaluate what brain and rumination changes occur, and which adolescents benefit the most from the treatment.

What will happen.

  1. The Investigators determine if the child is eligible (see criteria below for 14-17 year olds with history of MDD.
  2. The Investigators complete pre-intervention assessments with the child that include

    1. brain imaging
    2. tests of cognitive skills and emotion processing, including rumination
    3. questionnaires about how the adolescent thinks and responds to situations, similar questionnaires in at least one parent/guardian
    4. measurement of sleep using a handheld wristwatch (called an actigraph - optional).
  3. randomization (chance assignment) in years 1-2 to either rumination focused cognitive behavioral therapy (RF-CBT) or assessment only for a 10-14 session intervention. Treatment as usual continues for all adolescents. In years 3-5, chance assignment is to RF-CBT or Relaxation Therapy.
  4. repeat assessments after the intervention period. The cognitive skills and emotion processing are also assessed during the middle of the intervention period.

    1. brain imaging
    2. tests of cognitive skills and emotion processing, including rumination
    3. questionnaires about how the adolescent thinks and responds to situations, similar questionnaires in at least one parent/guardian
    4. measurement of sleep using a handheld wristwatch (called an actigraph - optional).
  5. follow-up assessments to determine any changes, recurrence of depression, new treatments for the next two years.

    1. questionnaires
    2. interviews

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Anticipated)

183

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact Backup

Study Locations

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

14 years to 17 years (Child)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Previous diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (full or partial remission for at least two weeks) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) criteria confirmed by the Kiddie Schedule for affective disorders (KSADSPL). Partial remission is defined as not meeting full DSM-V criteria for MDD.
  • RRS score above the age and sex specific mean, T > 50).
  • 14-17 years of age at enrollment (accounting for 2 year follow-up),
  • Postpubertal (Petersen Pubertal Developmental Scale)
  • Youth assent and parent consent
  • Intellectual Quotient (IQ) > 75, determined by Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Endorsement of suicidality with plan or intent (assessed via KSADSPL and Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS-R) clinical interviews. Current or past (within previous three months) plan or intent is exclusionary.
  • Lifetime history of conduct disorder, autism, any psychotic disorder (or episode unexplained by other known medical causes), or bipolar disorder. Eating disorder or alcohol/substance abuse within the previous 6 months. (Lifetime history of an anxiety disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder or oppositional defiant disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) will not be exclusionary).
  • Current treatment with RF-CBT, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), or variants thereof, or in the last 2 years. Likewise, detail oriented therapy beyond supportive therapy (e.g., homework, cognitive restructuring), in same time window (ability to recall elements of structured therapies with CBT focus).
  • Metal braces or retainers, tattoos with metal, or clothing with metal fibers.
  • Claustrophobia
  • Current pregnancy - Parents will be asked this information at the phone screen. At the clinic eligibility visit, female participants will be asked about sexual activity in a private room separate from their parents using the pregnancy script/screen that the investigators have created. This script details that if a female is ineligible due to pregnancy or inadequate birth control, this information will not be disclosed to her parent(s). Participants who are sexually active will be asked about birth control method. Abstinence will be considered an approved form of contraception.
  • Psychotropic medication outside of antidepressants such as mood stabilizers and antipsychotics will be exclusionary. Participants may have a history of current, stable antidepressant medication use, with no changes in dose for the past four weeks, no change in specific medication for six weeks.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Double

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Rumination-Focused CBT
RF-CBT is a manual-based treatment for prevention of depression, includes focus on ruminations, mental habits, concreteness training, and mindfulness.
RF-CBT targets rumination and other maladaptive forms of emotion regulation such as suppression and avoidance and provides skills training in effectively coping with rumination. RF-CBT specifically targets rumination through psychoeducation, adopting a functional analytic approach to the learned habitual behavior of rumination, and a focus on shifting process style. The adolescent is taught to notice triggers to ruminate as well as the consequences of rumination and to shift into practicing a more adaptive strategy such as an attention training exercise, behavioral activation, thinking in a concrete way, or active problem-solving. RF-CBT directly teaches adolescents to recognize rumination or "when the participant gets stuck in their head" and to notice the influence this has on their mood.
No Intervention: Treatment as Usual
Participants are allowed to continue any therapy outside of the treatment study.
Active Comparator: Relaxation-based therapy
RelaxT includes an active comparison treatment that can be used to monitor and modify physiological responses to stress
Sessions will include progressive muscle relaxation, simple breathing techniques, and guided imagery that focus on bodily and somatic relaxation. Adolescents randomized to Relaxation Therapy (RelaxT) will also receive exercises to do as homework in between sessions, parallel to the RF-CBT group.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Rumination Responsiveness Scale (RRS)
Time Frame: ~14-22 weeks

RRS is a scale developed by Dr. Susan Nolan-Hoeksema that is used to determine pre-post reductions in rumination after RF-CBT.

The RRS is the Rumination Responsiveness Scale. Scores range from a low of 22 to a high of 88 on the 232 item scale. Higher scores indicate more difficulties with rumination. Higher rumination has been reported in a number of samples of both active and remitted MDD.

The outcome is a reliable change index decline of at least 1/2 standard deviation in the RF-CBT group relative to the AO and RelaxT arms.

In our preliminary study, the RRS declined from 52.88 to 43 (Jacobs et al., 2016). An age matched control group had a mean score of 30.4 (7.1), Burkhouse et al., 2016.

~14-22 weeks
Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) connectivity of Default mode network to cognitive control network.
Time Frame: ~14-22 weeks
Using seed based approaches with the posterior cingulate gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex, the investigators will evaluate if RF-CBT and not AO or RelaxT, results in decreases in rs-fMRI connectivity to cognitive control network nodes, particularly right inferior frontal and temporal gyri.
~14-22 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

May 1, 2019

Primary Completion (Anticipated)

April 14, 2025

Study Completion (Anticipated)

March 2, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

February 27, 2019

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

February 27, 2019

First Posted (Actual)

March 1, 2019

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

June 6, 2022

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

June 1, 2022

Last Verified

June 1, 2022

More Information

Terms related to this study

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

YES

IPD Plan Description

All de-identified data relevant to the clinical trial and primary R61/R33 targets will be release biannually per requirements of the NIH policy, the request for application (RFA) and consistent with HIPAA and Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval at the University of Utah and the University of Exeter. In addition to the data for the clinical trial specifically, demographic and clinical information will be included.

IPD Sharing Time Frame

Data will be shared in line with Resource Sharing guidelines for this specific RFA

IPD Sharing Access Criteria

Available to researchers, after appropriate data sharing agreements have been made with the University of Utah.

IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type

  • STUDY_PROTOCOL
  • SAP
  • ICF

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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