CGM Plus GEM i prædiabetes (IMPEDE)

Change in glucose variability (GV%) as measured by CGM, from pre-intervention (baseline) to post-intervention (4.5 months).

Glucose variability was measured by CGM metrics coefficient of variation (%CV) and Standard Deviation (SD).

Change in cardiovascular risk as calculated by a validated risk calculator from pre-intervention (baseline) to post-intervention (4.5 months).

The ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus was used to calculate cardiovascular risk. It provides a percentage score that estimates 10-year risk of having a heart attack or stroke. Low risk <5%, Borderline (5%-7.4%) Intermediate (7.5%-19.9%) High (> 20%).

Change in empowerment as measured by modified Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form, from pre-intervention (baseline) to post-intervention (4.5 months).

The Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form measures the psychosocial self-efficacy of people with diabetes. An item checked "strongly agree" receives 5 points; "agree" - 4 points; "neutral" - 3 points; "disagree" - 2 points; and "strongly disagree" receives 1 point. All items are summed, "Low" = 8-20, "Moderate" = 21-30, "High" = 31-40. Possible scores on the scale ranges from 8-40.

Change in depression score as measured by PHQ-8 at pre-intervention (baseline) and post-intervention (4.5 months).

The Patient Health Questionnaire-8 is a self-report screening tool for depression. Each item scores 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). Total scores range from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater depression severity.

Change in diabetes knowledge as measured by a modified Diabetes Knowledge Scale from pre-intervention (baseline) to post-intervention (4.5 months).

The Diabetes Knowledge Scale is a valid measure containing 30 questions for assessing diabetes knowledge. The items are scored as correct or incorrect, and the correct items were summed to obtain a total score. Scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge.

Change in dietary habits as measured by Carbohydrate Routine Consumption Scale (CRC) from pre-intervention (baseline) to post-intervention (4.5 months).

The CRC measures carb intake, focusing on how much and what kind (high vs. low glycemic impact), rather than daily total grams. Scoring involves evaluating foods on a 4 or 5-point scale based on nutrients like fiber, free sugars, sodium, and potassium, guiding better choices by highlighting healthier options within carb categories, with higher scores indicating better quality. The CRC score is the sum of the number of servings of 16 different high-carb food classes eaten (e.g., dried fruits) in an average week. There are no subscales. Scale minimum is 0 (zero consumption of high-carb food foods). There is no scale maximum (people may eat as many servings of high glycemic load foods as they like). The CRC is not a comprehensive nutritional analysis. https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/68/Supplement_1/806-P/58163

Change in Motivation and Attitudes Toward Changing Health (MATCH) score from pre-intervention (baseline) to post-intervention (4.5 months).

The Motivation and Attitudes Toward Changing Health (MATCH) is a 9-item scale that provides a profile of factors influencing motivation. Patients rate their agreement on a 5-point scale (1=Strongly Disagree, 5=Strongly Agree). An average of all items or subscales provides an overall score/motivational profile. Higher Scores (closer to 5) indicate stronger motivation, ability, and belief in the value of change, while lower Scores (closer to 1) suggest potential barriers, such as ambivalence, perceived lack of control, or feeling changes aren't impactful.