Mechanical Ventilation Controlled by the Electrical Activity of the Patient's Diaphragm - Effects on Cardiac Performance

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or female patients aged 18 - 85 years (extremes included)
2. Mechanical ventilation (tracheally intubated or tracheotomized)

3. Relevant interaction between the ventilator and the cardiac performance defined as an inspiratory deflection in central venous pressure or pulmonary diastolic pressure of ≥ 5 mmHg

   1. in 10 patients with impaired cardiac performance defined as either

      • a left ventricular ejection fraction of < 40% and/or
      • treatment with dobutamine ≥2μg/kg/min, or adrenaline ≥ 3μg/kg/min and/or
      • a cardiac index of ≤ 2.2 L•min-1•m2 and/or
      • a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) ≥ 18 mmHg

   2. in 10 patients with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and delayed triggering-ON / cycling-OFF and/or evidence for wasted inspiratory efforts as evidenced by:

      • limitation of expiratory air flow and intrinsic PEEP as assessed by observation of the expiratory air flow curve and measurement of the airway pressure during an expiratory hold maneuver and/or
      • excessive activation of inspiratory and / or expiratory muscles as assessed by observation of the patient
4. Presence of a pulmonary artery catheter and an arterial pressure line
5. Subject itself or its next of kin has given written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patient is less than 18 years or more than 80 years of age
2. The attending physician refuses to allow enrollment
3. The patient refuses informed consent
4. Next of kin is unavailable or refuses informed consent
5. Pregnant or breast-feeding female. A pregnancy test will be performed in all female patients less than 60 years of age. The patient will not be enrolled in the study if the test result is positive.
6. Any contraindication to insertion/exchange a nasogastric tube, including (but not limited to): severe oropharyngeal malformation or bleeding; esophageal varices, tumor, infection, stenosis, or rupture
7. Presence or suspicion of diaphragm injury
8. Hemophilia or other severe bleeding disorder
9. Presence or suspicion of a central nervous system (CNS) disorder, including (but not limited to): CNS infarction, bleeding, tumor, or infection
10. History of heart and/or lung transplantation
11. Any mechanical cardiac assist device (including intraaortic balloon pump)
12. Any contraindication to reduce sedation or to stop neuromuscular blockage in order to allow spontaneous breathing
13. The patient needs to be ventilated with a mode of MV controlling for tidal volume or for airway pressure as per attending physician.
14. Severe hemodynamic instability as judged by the attending physician
15. Planned or anticipated intervention within the study period necessitating either transfer out of the ICU or requiring prolonged interaction with the patient.
16. a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of > 0.8
17. The patient currently participates in another interventional clinical trial