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Effect of Hygiene and Menstrual Hygiene Interventions on Learning and Psychosocial Wellbeing in Madagascar (KILONGA2)

keskiviikko 8. heinäkuuta 2026 päivittänyt: University of California Santa Cruz

Disentangling the Effects of Infrastructure, Sensitization, and Sanitary Pad Distribution on Health, Learning, and Psychosocial Wellbeing Among Adolescent Girls in Rural Madagascar: A Cluster-Randomized Trial

A previous study in schools in rural Madagascar found that a bundle of hygiene-focused interventions substantially improved girls' learning outcomes. This study disentangles the effects of physical infrastructure (latrines, handwashing basins) from other intervention components (peer sensitization and free sanitary pad distribution) in a cluster-randomized trial across 140 secondary schools in the Amoron'i Mania region. The trial originally measured learning and psychosocial wellbeing outcomes and was prospectively registered with the AEA RCT Registry (AEARCTR-0014423). The study team is now also collecting secondary health biomarker outcomes (e.g., salivary cortisol and blood-based C-reactive protein) and is registering those health biomarker endpoints with ClinicalTrials.gov.

Tutkimuksen yleiskatsaus

Yksityiskohtainen kuvaus

140 secondary schools were randomly assigned to one of four arms: (1) control, (2) infrastructure only, (3) sensitization + free sanitary pads, or (4) the full combined package. Outcomes are assessed via girls' surveys, teacher/director surveys, and school-level surveys at baseline (Oct 2024), midline, and endline.

This registration draws on two overlapping analytic samples. The first is the full 140-school evaluation sample (35 schools/arm; approximately 3,080 girls, ~22/school), used for the cognitive/academic composite, self-reported psychosocial well-being (GAD-7, PHQ-9), and health outcomes that do not require biospecimen collection or laboratory processing - self-reported infectious disease symptoms, mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC), and self-reported urinary tract infection. These are collected during the social-science endline survey (May-June 2026), concurrent with the parent trial's learning and psychosocial data collection. The second is a 80-school biomarker subsample (approximately 20 schools/arm; ~1,360 girls, ~17/school), used specifically for salivary cortisol and blood-based C-reactive protein (CRP) drawn from a venipuncture. These outcomes require biospecimen collection, cold-chain transport, and laboratory assay, and are therefore restricted to the subset of schools logistically accessible for that purpose. They are collected at a separate endline health/biomarker visit at a Basic Health Center (July-August 2026, ~19 months post-baseline).

This registration covers the biomarker outcomes component of the trial, with data collection and analysis completing by approximately December 2026; the broader parent Kilonga 2 trial (registered with the AEA RCT Registry, AEARCTR-0014423) has a longer overall completion date of December 2027, covering the full set of learning and psychosocial endpoints. The biospecimen collection protocol includes additional biomarkers, cortisol and C-reactive protein, as registered secondary outcomes.

This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov retrospectively, after participant enrollment had already begun. At inception (October 2024), the study was designed and IRB-approved (Paris School of Economics IRB #2024-046, approved September 17, 2024) as a social science evaluation focused on learning outcomes, and was prospectively registered with the AEA RCT Registry (AEARCTR-0014423) on September 23, 2024. Registration with ClinicalTrials.gov was initiated upon expanding the study to include health-related biomarker secondary endpoints, in order to comply with ICMJE requirements for biomedical journal publication. The Pre-Analysis Plan covering these health endpoints will be timestamped on the Open Science Framework prior to the start of health data collection in July 2026.

Opintotyyppi

Interventio

Ilmoittautuminen (Arvioitu)

3080

Vaihe

  • Ei sovellettavissa

Yhteystiedot ja paikat

Tässä osiossa on tutkimuksen suorittajien yhteystiedot ja tiedot siitä, missä tämä tutkimus suoritetaan.

Opiskelupaikat

      • Antananarivo, Madagaskar
        • Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales Malagasy

Osallistumiskriteerit

Tutkijat etsivät ihmisiä, jotka sopivat tiettyyn kuvaukseen, jota kutsutaan kelpoisuuskriteereiksi. Joitakin esimerkkejä näistä kriteereistä ovat henkilön yleinen terveydentila tai aiemmat hoidot.

Kelpoisuusvaatimukset

Opintokelpoiset iät

  • Lapsi
  • Aikuinen

Hyväksyy terveitä vapaaehtoisia

Joo

Kuvaus

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Girl identified in the Kilonga 2 evaluation sample (randomly selected during the December 2024-January 2025 baseline from class registers across the 140 participating schools); participants were 11-20 years old at baseline enrollment and are approximately 12-21 years old at the time of endline/health-outcomes data collection (May-August 2026)
  • Full evaluation sample (n~3,080; ~22 girls/school): all girls in the Kilonga 2 sample across the 140 schools are eligible for the cognitive, self-reported psychosocial, and non-biospecimen health outcomes, collected at the social-science endline.
  • Biomarker subsample (n~1,360; ~17 girls/school): girls attending one of the 80 schools selected for the health biomarker subsample (logistically accessible for biospecimen collection and cold-chain maintenance) are additionally eligible for salivary cortisol and blood-based C-reactive protein outcomes.
  • Informed consent obtained from parent/legal guardian, and assent obtained from the participant herself

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Adolescents not meeting the inclusion criteria above
  • Adolescents (or their parent/legal guardian) who refuse to participate or who withdraw consent/assent at any time
  • Adolescents for whom sample collection is judged impossible or contraindicated at the time of collection (e.g., health status precluding collection)

Opintosuunnitelma

Tässä osiossa on tietoja tutkimussuunnitelmasta, mukaan lukien kuinka tutkimus on suunniteltu ja mitä tutkimuksella mitataan.

Miten tutkimus on suunniteltu?

Suunnittelun yksityiskohdat

  • Ensisijainen käyttötarkoitus: Ennaltaehkäisy
  • Jako: Satunnaistettu
  • Inventiomalli: Tehtävätehtävä
  • Naamiointi: Yksittäinen

Aseet ja interventiot

Osallistujaryhmä / Arm
Interventio / Hoito
Ei väliintuloa: Ohjaus
Ei väliintuloa
Kokeellinen: School infrastructure only
Construction of latrines and handwashing basins
Construction of latrines and handwashing basins
Kokeellinen: Peer leadership/sensitization + sanitary pads
Young Girl Leaders program, teacher sensitization, WASH competition, free sanitary pad vouchers
Young Girl Leaders program, teacher sensitization, WASH competition, free sanitary pad vouchers
Kokeellinen: Full package
Combination of all interventions: Construction of latrines and handwashing basins and Peer leadership/sensitization + sanitary pads
Construction of latrines and handwashing basins
Young Girl Leaders program, teacher sensitization, WASH competition, free sanitary pad vouchers

Mitä tutkimuksessa mitataan?

Ensisijaiset tulostoimenpiteet

Tulosmittaus
Toimenpiteen kuvaus
Aikaikkuna
Learning - Academic Test Scores
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Standardized math/literacy test scores and official school grades (140-school full evaluation sample and 80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months
Learning - School Grades
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Official school grades (140-school full evaluation sample and and 80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months
Psychosocial Wellbeing - Heart Rate
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Objective stress measure: heart rate, beats per minute (140-school full evaluation sample and 80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months
Psychosocial Wellbeing - Blood Pressure
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Objective stress measure: systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (140-school full evaluation sample and 80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months
Psychosocial Wellbeing - Salivary Cortisol Reactivity
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Salivary cortisol reactivity (80-school biomarker subsample). Cortisol reactivity, calculated as the area under the curve with respect to increase (AUCi), based on samples collected at clinic arrival (baseline), 5-8 minutes pre-venipuncture, and 20 minutes post-venipuncture. AUCi is calculated using the trapezoidal method: the area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg) is first calculated by summing the areas of the trapezoids formed between each pair of consecutive cortisol values and their corresponding time interval, then subtracting the area under the baseline value across the total sampling duration. This is expressed as AUCg = Σ[(Ci + Ci+1)/2 × Ti], where Ci is the cortisol concentration at a given timepoint, Ci+1 is the concentration at the subsequent timepoint, and Ti is the time interval between them. AUCi = AUCg - (baseline cortisol × total sampling duration). Reported in µg/dL×min.
Up to 19 months
Menstrual stigma
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported menstrual stigma (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months

Toissijaiset tulostoimenpiteet

Tulosmittaus
Toimenpiteen kuvaus
Aikaikkuna
Hygiene Knowledge
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported hygiene knowledge (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
Hygiene Behavior
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported hygiene behavior (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
Menstrual Knowledge
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported menstrual hygiene knowledge (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
Menstrual Behavior
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported menstrual hygiene behavior (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
Student/Teacher Motivation
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported student/teacher motivation (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
Network Integration
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported social network integration (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
Bullying
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported bullying (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
Self-reported Psychosocial Wellbeing
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Self-reported psychosocial wellbeing (140-school full evaluation sample and 80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months
Information Diffusion
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported exposure to hygiene/menstruation discussions (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
School Attendance
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Official school attendance records (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
School History
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Official school records of dropout/withdrawal status and grade repetition (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
Sexual Activity
Aikaikkuna: Up to 17 months
Self-reported early sexual activity (140-school full evaluation sample)
Up to 17 months
Pregnancy
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Self-reported pregnancy (140-school full evaluation sample and 80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months
Health - Infectious Disease Symptoms
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Self-reported infectious disease symptoms (140-school full evaluation sample and 80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months
Health - Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference (MUAC)
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
MUAC, cm (140-school full evaluation sample and 80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months
Health - Urinary Tract Infection
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Self-reported urinary tract infection (140-school full evaluation sample and 80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months
Health - C-Reactive Protein
Aikaikkuna: Up to 19 months
Blood-based C-reactive protein, mg/L (80-school biomarker subsample)
Up to 19 months

Yhteistyökumppanit ja tutkijat

Täältä löydät tähän tutkimukseen osallistuvat ihmiset ja organisaatiot.

Tutkijat

  • Päätutkija: Audrie Lin, PhD, MPH, University of California Santa Cruz
  • Päätutkija: Karen Macours, PhD, Paris School of Economics
  • Päätutkija: Duncan Webb, PhD, Nova School of Business and Economics
  • Päätutkija: Mariachiara Iannuzzi, MS, Paris School of Economics
  • Päätutkija: Oscar M Díaz, MS, Paris School of Economics
  • Päätutkija: William Amedanou, MS, Paris School of Economics
  • Päätutkija: Juliet Ellenbach, BS, University of California Santa Cruz
  • Päätutkija: Eliane Z Ralison, Consultant Associates
  • Päätutkija: Andry M Andrianarivelo, MD, Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales Malagasy
  • Päätutkija: Ianja I Razanadrakoto, MD, Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales Malagasy
  • Päätutkija: Tantely J Ramontalambo, MD, Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales Malagasy

Opintojen ennätyspäivät

Nämä päivämäärät seuraavat ClinicalTrials.gov-sivustolle lähetettyjen tutkimustietueiden ja yhteenvetojen edistymistä. National Library of Medicine (NLM) tarkistaa tutkimustiedot ja raportoidut tulokset varmistaakseen, että ne täyttävät tietyt laadunvalvontastandardit, ennen kuin ne julkaistaan ​​julkisella verkkosivustolla.

Opi tärkeimmät päivämäärät

Opiskelun aloitus (Todellinen)

Tiistai 1. lokakuuta 2024

Ensisijainen valmistuminen (Arvioitu)

Lauantai 1. elokuuta 2026

Opintojen valmistuminen (Arvioitu)

Tiistai 1. joulukuuta 2026

Opintoihin ilmoittautumispäivät

Ensimmäinen lähetetty

Keskiviikko 1. heinäkuuta 2026

Ensimmäinen toimitettu, joka täytti QC-kriteerit

Keskiviikko 8. heinäkuuta 2026

Ensimmäinen Lähetetty (Todellinen)

Tiistai 14. heinäkuuta 2026

Tutkimustietojen päivitykset

Viimeisin päivitys julkaistu (Todellinen)

Tiistai 14. heinäkuuta 2026

Viimeisin lähetetty päivitys, joka täytti QC-kriteerit

Keskiviikko 8. heinäkuuta 2026

Viimeksi vahvistettu

Maanantai 1. kesäkuuta 2026

Lisää tietoa

Tähän tutkimukseen liittyvät termit

Yksittäisten osallistujien tietojen suunnitelma (IPD)

Aiotko jakaa yksittäisten osallistujien tietoja (IPD)?

EI

IPD-suunnitelman kuvaus

Individual participant data will not be made publicly available. Per the approved protocol (UCSC IRB: HS-FY2025-210), all survey and biospecimen data are de-identified at the point of collection; identifiers are stored separately from research data and accessible only to authorized project personnel.

Lääke- ja laitetiedot, tutkimusasiakirjat

Tutkii yhdysvaltalaista FDA sääntelemää lääkevalmistetta

Ei

Tutkii yhdysvaltalaista FDA sääntelemää laitetuotetta

Ei

Nämä tiedot haettiin suoraan verkkosivustolta clinicaltrials.gov ilman muutoksia. Jos sinulla on pyyntöjä muuttaa, poistaa tai päivittää tutkimustietojasi, ota yhteyttä register@clinicaltrials.gov. Heti kun muutos on otettu käyttöön osoitteessa clinicaltrials.gov, se päivitetään automaattisesti myös verkkosivustollemme .

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