Nutritional Supplementation on Physiological and Metabolic Markers in Females

Menopause is defined as the reproductive condition of amenorrhea for 12 months, as a result of reduced activity of ovarian follicles and hormonal changes, including oestrogen, androgens, and progesterone. Globally, approximately 47 million females transition into menopause annually. Hormonal decline can reflect in several physical, mental, and genitourinary symptoms. Common physical manifestations include sleep disturbance, hot flushes, mood changes, night sweats, and fatigue.

The current average age at menopause in the United Kingdom is 51 years, typically occurring between 45 and 55; however, a significant number of females experience menopause earlier than expected. When menopause occurs before the normal age, it may be classified as premature (before 40 years), early (between 40-45 years), or induced menopause (result of bilateral oophorectomy with or without hysterectomy, removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, or ovarian ablation through radiation therapy).

Menopause-related physical and metabolic changes are mainly a consequence of oestrogen deficiency, affecting lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, energy consumption, and body fat composition. Changes in body composition during menopause often lead to an increase in body mass index (BMI), particularly due to higher fat accumulation and reduced lean muscle mass. During perimenopause, females experience progressive weight gain at an estimated rate of 1.5 kg per year, resulting in an average increase of approximately 10 kg by the time menopause is reached. Higher BMI during menopause has been linked with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

To address these menopause-associated changes, several therapeutic approaches are utilised, including both hormonal and non-hormonal strategies. Natural nutritional supplements have emerged as promising options because of their potential benefits. Among these, cinnamon extracts have gained attention due to their anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, and immunomodulatory properties, which may alleviate postmenopausal symptoms. Alongside cinnamon, myo-inositol has been shown to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, improving lipid and glucose metabolism and reducing cardiovascular risk factors. By targeting changes in body composition during menopause, nutritional supplements represent a strategic approach to improving quality of life for menopausal females.