Impact Force and Jump Performance in Taekwondo (IFJP-TKD)
The Relationship Between Relative Impact Force and Jumping Performance in Taekwondo Athletes
he goal of this study is to examine the relationship between countermovement jump performance and kick impact power in elite Taekwondo athletes and to evaluate these variables across gender and weight categories. The main questions it aims to answer are whether jump performance is associated with kick impact power and whether these variables differ according to weight class and gender.
Thirty-two elite Taekwondo athletes with international experience participated in the study. Participants performed countermovement jump tests to assess anaerobic power and sport-specific kicking tests to measure impact power. Data were analyzed using correlation, t-tests, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with post-hoc comparisons where appropriate.
Participants performed:
countermovement jump tests to assess explosive lower-limb power sport-specific kicking tests to measure impact force laboratory-based performance assessments using biomechanical measurements
Studie Overzicht
Toestand
Interventie / Behandeling
Gedetailleerde beschrijving
This study employed a cross-sectional observational design to investigate the association between lower-limb explosive power and sport-specific striking performance in elite Taekwondo athletes.
Force and power-related variables were obtained under standardized testing conditions in a controlled laboratory environment. Participants completed countermovement jump (CMJ) assessments following a standardized warm-up protocol. CMJ performance was used as an indicator of global lower-limb explosive capacity.
Sport-specific impact performance was evaluated using standardized kicking tasks, including dominant and non-dominant Roundhouse Kick (RK) and Side Kick (SK) techniques. Impact-related variables were recorded using validated biomechanical measurement equipment capable of capturing force-related output during striking. All trials were performed with consistent target height and distance to ensure comparability between participants.
Athletes were grouped according to official weight categories and gender in order to examine potential inter-group differences in performance characteristics. Data normality was tested prior to inferential analysis. Depending on distribution assumptions, parametric or non-parametric statistical tests were applied. Relationships between CMJ performance and kick impact variables were examined using correlation analysis, while group differences were assessed using appropriate comparative statistical tests.
All measurements were completed in a single testing session to minimize inter-session variability, and multiple trials were used for each performance test to ensure reliability.
Studietype
Inschrijving (Werkelijk)
Fase
- Niet toepasbaar
Contacten en locaties
Studie Locaties
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Merkez
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Bayburt, Merkez, Turkije (Türkiye), 69000
- Bayburt Unıversity
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Deelname Criteria
Geschiktheidscriteria
Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie
- Kind
- Volwassen
- Oudere volwassene
Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers
Beschrijving
Inclusion Criteria:
Elite Taekwondo athletes with international competition experience Training regularly (minimum 6 sessions per week) No lower extremity injury affecting performance in the last 6 months Voluntary participation with written informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
Current musculoskeletal injury or pain affecting performance History of lower limb surgery in the past 12 months Use of performance-enhancing drugs or stimulants before testing Failure to complete all performance tests (CMJ and kicking protocols) Non-compliance with pre-test instructions (diet, rest, or activity restrictions)
Studie plan
Hoe is de studie opgezet?
Ontwerpdetails
- Primair doel: Fundamentele wetenschap
- Toewijzing: NVT
- Interventioneel model: Opdracht voor een enkele groep
- Masker: Geen (open label)
Wapens en interventies
Deelnemersgroep / Arm |
Interventie / Behandeling |
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Ander: Elite Taekwondo Athletes
Participants were elite Taekwondo athletes who underwent standardized performance testing including countermovement jump (CMJ) assessment and sport-specific kicking tests (Roundhouse Kick and Side Kick).
Kick impact power was measured using a validated force measurement system.
No intervention was administered.
All assessments were performed under controlled laboratory conditions.
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Participants underwent a standardized performance assessment protocol including countermovement jump (CMJ) testing and sport-specific kicking tests (Roundhouse Kick and Side Kick). Kick impact power was measured using a validated biomechanical force measurement system (PowerKube). No therapeutic or training intervention was applied. All assessments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to evaluate explosive power and sport-specific performance characteristics. Device: OptoJump Photoelectric Cell System The OptoJump system was used to measure countermovement jump (CMJ) height and assess lower extremity explosive power. Device: PowerKube Impact Measurement System The PowerKube device was used to measure kicking impact power (Roundhouse Kick and Side Kick) in watts. Procedure: Performance Testing Protocol Participants underwent anthropometric assessment, CMJ testing, and kicking performance tests under standardized laboratory conditions. No training or therapeutic interv
Andere namen:
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Wat meet het onderzoek?
Primaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
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Countermovement Jump (CMJ) height
Tijdsspanne: Baseline
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CMJ height was measured to assess lower-limb explosive power in ription: elite Taekwondo athletes using a validated photoelectric cell system.
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Baseline
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Secundaire uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
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Kick Impact Power (Roundhouse Kick and Side Kick)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline
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Impact power of dominant and non-dominant Roundhouse and Side Kicks was measured using a validated biomechanical force measurement system.
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Baseline
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Andere uitkomstmaten
Uitkomstmaat |
Maatregel Beschrijving |
Tijdsspanne |
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Relative Impact Power (Entropy-based score)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline
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Description: Relative impact power was calculated using an entropy-based weighting method and normalized to body mass. The score represents a composite performance index reflecting the balance and distribution of kicking power across dominant and non-dominant techniques. Scale: Entropy-Based Composite Index Minimum Value: 0 (no effective power distribution) Maximum Value: Theoretical upper bound is not fixed; higher values indicate greater balanced performance output across techniques Interpretation: Higher scores indicate better technical efficiency and more balanced force distribution across kicking techniques, while lower scores indicate less balanced or more concentrated performance output. |
Baseline
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Medewerkers en onderzoekers
Sponsor
Onderzoekers
- Hoofdonderzoeker: Betül C GÜDER, Doctor, Bayburt University
Publicaties en nuttige links
Algemene publicaties
- Del Vecchio L, Whitting J, Hollier J, Keene A, Climstein M. Reliability and Practical Use of a Commercial Device for Measuring Punch and Kick Impact Kinetics. Sports (Basel). 2022 Dec 13;10(12):206. doi: 10.3390/sports10120206.
- 14. Huang T, Tang W, Liu T, Hamill J, Hu C. Kinematic and kinetic demands on better roundhouse kick performances. 2022 Sept 26 [cited 2025 Nov]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2022.2122862
- 13. Góra T, Mosler D, Langfort J, Wąsik J. Differences in Impact Force between Side Kicks and Turning Kicks in Male Practitioners of Taekwon-Do-Case Studies. Applied Sciences [Internet]. 2024 July 5 [cited 2025 Nov];14(13):5876-5876. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135876
- 12. Mejía NFM, Sánchez A, Cohen DD, Restrepo AD, Montoya S. Asociación entre potencia en SJ, CMJ y la fuerza aplicada en las patadas Bandal Chagi y Yeop Chagi de Taekwondo (Association between power in SJ, CMJ and the force applied in the Bandal Chagi and Yeop Chagi kicks of Taekwondo). Retos [Internet]. 2024 Apr 11 [cited 2025 Dec];55:642-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.102997
- 11. Buśko K, Staniak Z, Łach P, Mazur-Różycka J, Michalski R, Górski M. Comparison of two boxing training simulators. Biomedical Human Kinetics [Internet]. 2014 Dec 11 [cited 2025 Dec];6(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2014-0022
- Busko K, Staniak Z, Szark-Eckardt M, Nikolaidis PT, Mazur-Rozycka J, Lach P, Michalski R, Gajewski J, Gorski M. Measuring the force of punches and kicks among combat sport athletes using a modified punching bag with an embedded accelerometer. Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2016;18(1):47-54.
- 9. Ojeda-Aravena A, Kons RL, Martín EBS, Azócar-Gallardo J, Dopico-Calvo X. Achieving Competitive Excellence in Taekwondo: The Relationship Between Unloaded Countermovement Jump Kinetic Variables and Sport-Specific Motor Tasks. Biomechanics [Internet]. 2025 Sept 12 [cited 2025 Dec];5(3):70-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5030070
- 8. Pérez CF, Torres IE, Solves OÁ, Molina-García J. Capacıdad De Generacıón De Fuerzas De Golpeo Y Tıempo De Ejecucıón Según La Categoría De Peso En Taekwondo. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science [Internet]. 2011 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Oct];7(1):23-9. Available from: https://dehesa.unex.es/bitstream/10662/6631/1/1885-7019_7_S_23.pdf
- Ouergui I, Delleli S, Apollaro G, Messaoudi H, Kons RL, Bridge CA, Chtourou H, Franchini E, Faelli E, Ardigo LP. Relationships Between Sport-Specific Anaerobic Tests, Interlimb Asymmetry, and Bilateral Deficit as Measured from Vertical Jump Performances in Highly Trained Taekwondo Athletes. Sports (Basel). 2025 Mar 28;13(4):103. doi: 10.3390/sports13040103.
- 6. Burke DT. The Kicking Process in Tae Kwon Do: A Biomechanical Analysis; Running title: Biomechanical Analysis of Taekwondo. International Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Journal [Internet]. 2017 Mar 28 [cited 2025 Sept];1(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.15406/ipmrj.2017.01.00002
- Jia M, Ma Y, Huang R, Liu L, Wang Z, Lin S, Peng Q, Xiong J, Zheng W. Correlation analysis between biomechanical characteristics of lower extremities during front roundhouse kick in Taekwondo and effective scores of electronic protectors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024 Jun 21;12:1364095. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1364095. eCollection 2024.
- Corcoran D, Climstein M, Whitting J, Del Vecchio L. Impact Force and Velocities for Kicking Strikes in Combat Sports: A Literature Review. Sports (Basel). 2024 Mar 6;12(3):74. doi: 10.3390/sports12030074.
- 3. Lenetsky S, Uthoff A, Coyne J, Cronin J. A Review of Striking Force in Full-Contact Combat Sport Athletes: Methods of Assessment. Strength and conditioning journal [Internet]. 2021 Apr 20 [cited 2025 Nov];44(1):71-83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000643
- Jia M, Liu L, Huang R, Ma Y, Lin S, Peng Q, Xiong J, Wang Z, Zheng W. Correlation analysis between biomechanical characteristics of taekwondo double roundhouse kick and effective scoring of electronic body protector. Front Physiol. 2024 Jan 11;14:1269345. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1269345. eCollection 2023.
- Apollaro G, Panasci M, Franchini E, Morganti G, Ruggeri P, Falco C, Faelli E. Relationships between sport-specific tests and their validity in predicting the time-motion profile in international taekwondo matches. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Nov 10;17(1):323. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01371-4.
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Andere studie-ID-nummers
- E-15604681-100-321083
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