Real-Time and Retrospective Emotion Awareness With Cognitive Reappraisal Training
21 de maio de 2026 atualizado por: Asia University
Real-Time and Retrospective Emotion Awareness With Cognitive Reappraisal: Effects on Anxious-Depressive Symptoms and Well-Being
This pilot randomized active-comparison study examined two formats of emotional awareness and cognitive reappraisal training for adults with co-occurring anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Participants were assigned to either a real-time awareness group or a retrospective awareness group.
The real-time awareness group used a smartwatch-based heart-rate prompting system to identify emotions in daily life and later complete cognitive reappraisal exercises.
The retrospective awareness group completed daily evening reflection and cognitive reappraisal exercises based on emotional events from that day.
The study lasted six weeks and included assessments at baseline, mid-intervention, and post-intervention.
Outcomes included anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, emotional clarity, mood repair, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and psychological well-being.
The purpose of the study was to examine preliminary patterns of change and compare how the two formats may support emotion regulation processes.
Visão geral do estudo
Status
Concluído
Descrição detalhada
The study used a pilot randomized active-comparison design. Participants were adults aged 18 to 45 years with co-occurring anxiety and depressive symptoms. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to one of two intervention conditions: a real-time awareness condition or a retrospective awareness condition. The intervention lasted six weeks and included three assessment points: baseline/pretest, mid-intervention assessment, and post-intervention assessment.
The intervention consisted of two sequential phases. The first phase lasted approximately two weeks and focused on heart-rate baseline collection and emotional awareness training. Participants in the real-time awareness condition wore a smartwatch for three consecutive days to establish an individualized heart-rate baseline, followed by eleven days of real-time emotion identification training triggered by physiological prompts. When heart rate exceeded the individualized threshold, participants received a vibration prompt and selected the emotion category that best represented their current state. Participants in the retrospective awareness condition received no active intervention during this initial phase.
The second phase consisted of four weeks of cognitive reappraisal training for both groups. The reappraisal training was based on psychological distancing, particularly self-distancing and third-person perspective taking. During this phase, participants in the real-time awareness condition continued to receive physiological prompts and completed cognitive reappraisal exercises immediately after these prompts. Participants in the retrospective awareness condition completed daily evening reappraisal exercises based on emotionally salient events recalled from that day. Both groups attended weekly meetings with the researcher to review strategy use and discuss difficulties encountered during implementation.
Self-report outcomes were assessed at baseline, mid-intervention, and post-intervention. The study examined changes in anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, emotional clarity, mood repair, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and psychological well-being. The primary purpose was to characterize feasibility, preliminary effects, and temporal patterns of change associated with the two intervention formats rather than to establish definitive treatment efficacy.
Tipo de estudo
Intervencional
Inscrição (Real)
42
Estágio
- Não aplicável
Contactos e Locais
Esta seção fornece os detalhes de contato para aqueles que conduzem o estudo e informações sobre onde este estudo está sendo realizado.
Locais de estudo
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Taichung, Taiwan, 41354
- 亞洲大學
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Critérios de participação
Os pesquisadores procuram pessoas que se encaixem em uma determinada descrição, chamada de critérios de elegibilidade. Alguns exemplos desses critérios são a condição geral de saúde de uma pessoa ou tratamentos anteriores.
Critérios de elegibilidade
Idades elegíveis para estudo
- Adulto
Aceita Voluntários Saudáveis
Não
Descrição
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults aged 18 to 45 years.
- Self-reported co-occurring anxiety and depressive symptoms.
- Score of 8 or above on the Chinese version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory.
- Score between 14 and 28 on the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II.
- Ability to provide written informed consent and complete the study procedures.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Illegal substance use.
- Excessive alcohol or caffeine consumption, defined as more than four caffeinated beverages or four cans of beer per day.
- Major psychiatric disorders or cognitive impairment, such as schizophrenia or neurocognitive disorders.
- Current psychiatric medication use.
- Ongoing psychological or psychiatric treatment.
- Pregnancy or current responsibility for caring for an infant.
- Severe depressive symptoms, defined as a Beck Depression Inventory-II score of 29 or above.
Plano de estudo
Esta seção fornece detalhes do plano de estudo, incluindo como o estudo é projetado e o que o estudo está medindo.
Como o estudo é projetado?
Detalhes do projeto
- Finalidade Principal: Cuidados de suporte
- Alocação: Randomizado
- Modelo Intervencional: Atribuição Paralela
- Mascaramento: Nenhum (rótulo aberto)
Armas e Intervenções
Grupo de Participantes / Braço |
Intervenção / Tratamento |
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Experimental: Real-Time Awareness With Cognitive Reappraisal
Participants in this arm wore a smartwatch to establish an individualized heart-rate baseline and subsequently received vibration prompts when heart rate exceeded the individualized threshold.
During the emotional awareness phase, participants identified their current emotional state following physiological prompts.
During the cognitive reappraisal phase, participants completed a third-person perspective-taking reappraisal exercise immediately after physiological prompts.
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This behavioral intervention combined wearable-based physiological prompting, real-time emotion identification, and third-person cognitive reappraisal.
Participants wore a smartwatch that monitored heart rate continuously.
When heart rate exceeded 20% above the individualized baseline, the device delivered a vibration prompt.
Participants identified their current emotion from six basic emotion categories.
During the reappraisal phase, they recorded the triggering event, emotion category, emotional intensity, and thoughts, and then completed a third-person perspective-taking reappraisal exercise.
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Comparador Ativo: Retrospective Awareness With Cognitive Reappraisal
Participants in this arm received no active intervention during the initial awareness phase.
During the cognitive reappraisal phase, participants completed a daily evening reappraisal exercise based on an emotionally salient event from that day.
They recorded the emotion category, emotional intensity, and thoughts experienced at the time of the event, then completed the same third-person perspective-taking reappraisal exercise as the real-time awareness group.
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This behavioral intervention combined daily end-of-day emotional reflection with third-person cognitive reappraisal.
Participants recalled an emotionally salient event from that day, recorded the emotion category, emotional intensity, and thoughts experienced at the time of the event, and then reinterpreted the event from the perspective of a personally significant or neutral third-person figure.
They subsequently reported their post-reappraisal emotion category, emotional intensity, and new thoughts.
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O que o estudo está medindo?
Medidas de resultados primários
Medida de resultado |
Descrição da medida |
Prazo |
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Change in Anxiety Symptoms
Prazo: Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Chinese version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
The BAI consists of 21 items rated on a 4-point scale from 0 to 3, with total scores ranging from 0 to 63.
Higher scores indicate greater anxiety symptom severity.
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Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Change in Depressive Symptoms
Prazo: Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II).
The BDI-II consists of 21 items rated on a 4-point scale from 0 to 3, with total scores ranging from 0 to 63.
Higher scores indicate greater depressive symptom severity.
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Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Medidas de resultados secundários
Medida de resultado |
Descrição da medida |
Prazo |
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Change in Emotional Clarity
Prazo: Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Emotional clarity was assessed using the emotional clarity subscale of the Chinese version of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS).
Higher scores indicate greater perceived ability to identify and understand one's emotions.
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Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Change in Mood Repair
Prazo: Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Mood repair was assessed using the mood repair subscale of the Chinese version of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS).
Higher scores indicate stronger perceived ability to regulate, alleviate, or repair negative emotional states.
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Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Change in Cognitive Reappraisal
Prazo: Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Cognitive reappraisal was assessed using the cognitive reappraisal subscale of the Chinese version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ).
Higher scores indicate greater habitual use of cognitive reappraisal.
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Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Change in Expressive Suppression
Prazo: Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Expressive suppression was assessed using the expressive suppression subscale of the Chinese version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ).
Higher scores indicate greater habitual use of expressive suppression.
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Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Change in Psychological Well-Being
Prazo: Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Psychological well-being was assessed using the psychological well-being subscale of the Taiwan Subjective Well-Being Scale Short-Form (TSWBS-SF).
The subscale consists of 4 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale, with total scores ranging from 4 to 16.
Higher scores indicate greater psychological well-being.
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Baseline, mid-intervention approximately 2 weeks after baseline, and post-intervention approximately 6 weeks after baseline.
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Colaboradores e Investigadores
É aqui que você encontrará pessoas e organizações envolvidas com este estudo.
Patrocinador
Investigadores
- Investigador principal: Han-Yun Chang, Ph.D., Asia University
Datas de registro do estudo
Essas datas acompanham o progresso do registro do estudo e os envios de resumo dos resultados para ClinicalTrials.gov. Os registros do estudo e os resultados relatados são revisados pela National Library of Medicine (NLM) para garantir que atendam aos padrões específicos de controle de qualidade antes de serem publicados no site público.
Datas Principais do Estudo
Início do estudo (Real)
25 de janeiro de 2024
Conclusão Primária (Real)
20 de junho de 2024
Conclusão do estudo (Real)
20 de junho de 2024
Datas de inscrição no estudo
Enviado pela primeira vez
21 de maio de 2026
Enviado pela primeira vez que atendeu aos critérios de CQ
21 de maio de 2026
Primeira postagem (Real)
26 de maio de 2026
Atualizações de registro de estudo
Última Atualização Postada (Real)
26 de maio de 2026
Última atualização enviada que atendeu aos critérios de controle de qualidade
21 de maio de 2026
Última verificação
1 de maio de 2026
Mais Informações
Termos relacionados a este estudo
Termos MeSH relevantes adicionais
Outros números de identificação do estudo
- CRREC-112-036
Plano para dados de participantes individuais (IPD)
Planeja compartilhar dados de participantes individuais (IPD)?
SIM
Descrição do plano IPD
De-identified individual participant data and analytic code may be available from the authors upon reasonable request, subject to ethical approval and participant confidentiality restrictions.
Prazo de Compartilhamento de IPD
De-identified individual participant data and analytic code will be available after publication and for five years.
Critérios de acesso de compartilhamento IPD
De-identified individual participant data and analytic code may be shared with qualified researchers for research purposes upon reasonable request.
Requests will be reviewed by the study team and will require appropriate ethical approval, a data-sharing agreement when applicable, and compliance with participant confidentiality restrictions.
Tipo de informação de suporte de compartilhamento de IPD
- ANALYTIC_CODE
Informações sobre medicamentos e dispositivos, documentos de estudo
Estuda um medicamento regulamentado pela FDA dos EUA
Não
Estuda um produto de dispositivo regulamentado pela FDA dos EUA
Não
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