Patient-Centered Practical Vaccine Talk For Busy Clinicians (PCP-VAX)

Inclusion criteria for primary care provider participants are as follows:

• Practicing primary care provider at study clinic during the study period
• Licensed independent practitioner (MD, DO, NP, PA), including residents

Exclusion criteria for primary care provider participants are as follows:

• PCPs at participating clinic sites who are members of the investigational team or part of the intervention
• PCP participants who practice at more than one study clinic that are assigned to discordant study arms (e.g., control and intervention) will be excluded at the outset of the study.

Inclusion criteria for patient participants are specified for each of the two co-primary outcomes as follows:

Receipt of the 2026/2027 influenza vaccine, among eligible patients:

• Have a qualifying clinic visit, defined as a clinic visit with a study PCP at one of the study clinics during the 2026/2027 influenza vaccine season*
• Have not received the 2026-2027 influenza vaccine prior to the qualifying clinic visit (patients who receive the influenza vaccine on the day of the qualifying study visit are eligible)
• Adult (age >= 18 years)

Receipt of the 2026/2027 COVID-19 vaccine, among eligible patients:

• Have a qualifying clinic visit, defined as a clinic visit with a study PCP at one of the study clinics during the 2026/2027 COVID-19 vaccine season*
• Have not received the 2026-2027 COVID-19 vaccine prior to the qualifying study visit (patients who receive the COVID-19 vaccine on the day of the qualifying study visit are eligible)
• Have at least one risk factor for developing severe COVID-19 according to the CDC, including age >= 65 years
• Adult (age >= 19 years)

Exclusion criteria for patient participants for both co-primary outcomes are the following:

• Resident of a state that does not share immunization data with the Massachusetts Immunization Information System (MIIS)

For the purposes of this study, the 2026/2027 influenza and COVID-19 vaccine seasons are defined as September 1, 2026, or date the respective vaccine is available (whichever is later) through February 28, 2027. These dates were selected based on the timing of influenza and COVID-19 vaccine administration in prior years according to the Massachusetts immunization for respiratory disease data. This is referred to as the 'study period' elsewhere in the protocol.