Safety Study of Intravenous Hydromorphone Using Incremental 1mg Doses up to 2mg for Adult ED Patients

Safety and Speed of Onsent of Intravenous Hydromorphone Using Incremental 1mg Doses up to 2mg in the Treatment of Adult ED Patients With Moderate to Severe Pain

We wish to examine the safety and speed of onset of giving a dose of 1mg hydromorphone followed by an additional 1mg. Eligible patients will be given 1 mg intravenous (IV) hydromorphone. At 15 minutes, these patients will be asked the question, "Do you need more pain medication?" Those that answer "yes" will receive an additional 1mg IV hydromorphone. Those that answer "no" will not receive additional pain medications at that time period (15 minutes). Thus, we wish to give up to 2 mg IV hydromorphone titrated to patients' pain, which we believe will result in less incidence of oxygen desaturation.

If our study shows that this regimen is safe, its efficacy can be assessed in future trials. Positive results of those trials may lead to the use of this regimen to improve pain management in the emergency department.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Pain
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Hydromorphone

Detailed Description

Prospective interventional study at an urban academic emergency department (ED). One milligram of IV hydromorphone was administered to adults 21 to 64 years of age who had acute severe pain. Fifteen minutes later, patients were asked whether they wanted more pain medication. If they answered yes, they received another 1 mg of IV hydromorphone and were again asked 15 minutes later whether they wanted more pain medication. The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of patients who had adequate analgesia, defined as declining additional hydromorphone within 1 hour of entering the protocol. The primary safety outcome was incidence of oxygen desaturation less than 95%. Secondary outcomes included numeric rating scale pain scores and adverse events.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 230
• Phase: Phase 4

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • New York
    • Bronx, New York, United States, 10467
      • Montefiore Medical Center

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 21 years to 64 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age greater than 21 years: Patients under the age of 21 are automatically triaged to the Children's Hospital at Montefiore Emergency Department, and hence cannot be enrolled in this study.
2. Age less than 65 years of age: Patients age 65 and over will be excluded in this study as the effects on opioids on the elderly may be different than in the non-elderly.
3. Pain with onset within 7 days: Pain within seven days is the definition of acute pain that has been used in ED literature.
4. ED attending physician's judgment that patient's pain warrants use of morphine: The factors that influence the decision to use parenteral opioids are complex and extensive. An approach that is commonly taken to address the issue of patient selection in drug trials is to use a specific condition (e.g., renal colic) or treatment (e.g., post-hysterectomy) that would generally be thought to be appropriately treated with an opioid analgesic, thereby eliminating individual judgment about eligibility for the study. However in order to assess the role of hydromorphone with the widest generalizability in the ED setting, we decided to enroll patients with a variety of diagnoses, all with a complaint of acute pain. Opioids are not an appropriate treatment for all patients who present with a complaint of pain (e.g., gastroenteritis, migraine). Therefore, unless there is a restriction to patients with a specific diagnosis, either a comprehensive list of diagnoses and situations in which opioids are indicated must be specified, or clinical judgment needs to be used. We have opted for the latter alternative.
5. The use of patients with a variety of diagnoses, and therefore heterogeneous painful stimuli, risks masking a treatment effect because of large inter-individual variability. There are several design and analytic factors (detailed below) that attenuate this risk: 1) a sufficiently large number of patients will be randomly assigned to each group so that the variety of painful stimuli will be equally distributed between treatment groups; 2) change in pain intensity and pain relief will be analyzed rather than absolute pain intensity or pain relief therefore reducing variability.
6. Normal mental status: In order to provide measures of pain experienced the patient needs to have a normal mental status. Orientation to person, place and time will be used as an indicator of sufficiently normal mental status to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Prior use of methadone: the effect of methadone use on the perception of acute pain is unknown and suspected to be altered. We feel that the needs of patients on methadone may exceed the dosage ceiling of 2mg that will be used for this study. Similar to sickle cell patients and chronic cancer patients, patients on methadone usually require significantly higher doses of opioids to control their pain. Thus, we feel that it would be unethical to restrict the dose that this subset of patients can receive.
2. Use of other opioids or tramadol within past seven days: to avoid introducing bias related to opioid tolerance that may alter the response to the study medication thereby masking the medication's effect.
3. Prior adverse reaction to hydromorphone.
4. Chronic pain syndrome: frequently recurrent or daily pain for at least 3 months result in alteration in pain perception which is thought to be due to down-regulation of pain receptors. Examples of chronic pain syndromes include sickle cell anemia, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, migraine, and peripheral neuropathies.
5. Alcohol intoxication: the presence of alcohol intoxication as judged by the treating physician may alter perception, report, and treatment of pain.
6. Systolic Blood Pressure <90 mm Hg: Hydromorphone can produce peripheral vasodilation that may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope.
7. Oxygen saturation <95% on room air: For this study, oxygen saturation must be 95% or above on room air in order to be enrolled.
8. Use of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors in past 30 days: MAOs have been reported to intensify the effects of at least one opioid drug causing anxiety, confusion and significant respiratory depression or coma.

9. C02 measurement greater than 46: In accordance with a similar study (04-12-360), three subsets of patients will have their CO2 measured using a handheld capnometer prior to enrollment in the study. If the CO2 measurement is greater than 46, then the patient will be excluded from the study. The 3 subsets are as follows:

   1. All patients who have a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
   2. All patients who report a history of asthma together with greater than a 20 pack-year smoking history
   3. All patients reporting less than a 20 pack-year smoking history who are having an asthma exacerbation
10. Pregnancy: this will be determined by asking the female of reproductive age about her pregnancy status and/or through the results of urine or serum pregnancy test.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Hydromorphone; 1 mg IV hydromorphone, + optional 1 mg IV hydromorphone 15 minutes later	Drug: Hydromorphone; 1mg IV hydromorphone, followed by an optional dose of 1mg IV hydromorphone 15 minutes later if the patient answers "yes" to the question, "Do you want more pain medication?"; Other Names: Dilaudid

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Patients Who Had Adequate Analgesia	Adequate analgesia is defined as declining additional hydromorphone within 1 hour of entering the protocol	60 minutes after medication infused
Number of Patients With Oxygen Desaturation Less Than 95%	primary safety outcome, defined as number of participants who experienced oxygen saturation < 95%	120 minutes after medication infused

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Number of Patients With Reduction in Pain Intensity	Pain intensity is measured on the numerical rating scale (NRS), with a pain score from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). The reduction in pain intensity is defined here as a change in pain score by 2 or more units.	60 minutes after medication infused
Change in Pain Intensity	Pain intensity is measured on the numerical rating scale (NRS), from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable) from baseline to 60 minutes after medication infused	60 minutes after medication infused

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Montefiore Medical Center
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Andrew Chang, M.D., Motefiore Medical Center

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 1, 2007
• Primary Completion (Actual): November 1, 2007
• Study Completion (Actual): November 1, 2007

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: May 19, 2008
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 21, 2008
• First Posted (Estimate): May 22, 2008

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): August 13, 2018
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 9, 2018
• Last Verified: August 1, 2018

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Nonelderly patients with acute moderate to severe pain
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Physiological Effects of Drugs; Central Nervous System Depressants; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Analgesics; Sensory System Agents; Analgesics, Opioid; Narcotics; Hydromorphone
• Other Study ID Numbers: MMC0702028