Regulation of Postprandial Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Vascular Function By Dairy Milk

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Short-term increases in blood sugar, or postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH), affect blood vessel function and increase the risk of CVD. Greater intakes of dairy foods have been associated with a lower risk of CVD, but whether these effects occur directly or indirectly by displacing foods in the diet that might increase CVD risk is unclear. The health benefits of dairy on heart health are at least partly attributed to its ability to limit PPH and resulting PPH-mediated responses leading to vascular dysfunction. This provides rationale to further investigate dairy as a dietary strategy to reduce PPH and risk for CVD. The objective of this study is to define the extent to which dairy milk, and its whey and casein protein fractions, protect against postprandial vascular dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress responses that limit nitric oxide bioavailability to the vascular endothelium in adults with prediabetes.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Prediabetes
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Glucose; Other: Glucose with Non-fat Milk; Other: Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate; Other: Glucose with Sodium Caseinate

Detailed Description

This study consists of four, 3-hour postprandial trials in response to consuming the following dietary treatments: 1. oral glucose challenge, 2. oral glucose challenge in combination with non-fat milk, 3. oral glucose challenge in combination with whey protein isolate, and 4. oral glucose challenge in combination with sodium caseinate. For three days preceding each trial, participants will be provided all meals to standardize physiologic responses to test meals. On each trial day, vascular function will be assessed and blood samples collected prior to and at 30 minute intervals for 3 hours following test meal ingestion.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 23
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Ohio
    • Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210
      • The Ohio State University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 50 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. hemoglobin A1c 5.7-6.4%
2. non-dietary supplement user
3. no medications affecting vasodilation, inflammation, or energy metabolism
4. no CVD
5. nonsmokers
6. individuals having blood pressure <140/90 mmHg and total cholesterol <240 mg/dL

Exclusion Criteria:

1. unstable weight (±2 kg)
2. vegetarian or dairy allergy
3. alcohol intake >3 drinks/day or >10 drinks/week
4. ≥7 hours/week of aerobic activity

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

4

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Active Comparator: Glucose; This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.	Other: Glucose; Following baseline measurements, participants will consume a 75 g glucose solution within five minutes.
Experimental: Glucose with Non-fat Milk; This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.	Other: Glucose with Non-fat Milk; Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose dissolved in two cups of non-fat milk within five minutes.
Experimental: Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate; This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.	Other: Glucose with Whey Protein Isolate; Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and whey protein isolate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.
Experimental: Glucose with Sodium Caseinate; This study day will last approximately three hours and will be separated from the other arms by four days for men and one month for women.	Other: Glucose with Sodium Caseinate; Following baseline measurements, participants will consume 75 g glucose and sodium caseinate dissolved in 2 cups water within five minutes.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Vascular Endothelial Function	Flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, calculated as FMD AUC for 0-180 minutes (change from baseline)	Area under curve for FMD for three hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes)

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Nitrite/Nitrate (NOx)	NOx AUC for 0-180 minutes	Area under curve for nitrite/nitrate for three hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 min) (change from baseline)
Plasma Glucose	Plasma glucose concentration from 0-180 minutes	Area under the curve for glucose for three hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)
Malondialdehyde (MDA)	Plasma MDA measured as MDA AUC from 0-180 minutes	Area under curve for MDA for three hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min.) (change from baseline)
Arginine (ARG)	Plasma arginine concentration, calculated as ARG AUC from 0-180 minutes	ARG area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)
Asymmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (ADMA/ARG)	Plasma ADMA/arginine concentration, calculated as ADMA/ARG AUC from 0-180 minutes	ADMA/ARG area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)
Symmetric Dimethylarginine/Arginine (SDMA/ARG)	Plasma SDMA/arginine concentration, calculated as SDMA/ARG AUC from 0-180 minutes	SDMA/ARG area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)
Tetrahydrobiopterin/Dihydrobiopterin (BH4/BH2)	Plasma BH4/BH2 concentration, calculated as BH4/BH2 AUC from 0-180 minutes	Plasma BH4/BH2 concentration area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)
Insulin	Plasma insulin concentration, calculated as insulin AUC from 0-180 minutes	Insulin area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)	Plasma CCK concentration, calculated as CCK AUC from 0-180 minutes	CCK area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)
8-isoprostaglandin-F2a	Plasma 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a concentration, calculated as 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a AUC from 0-180 minutes	8-isoprostaglandin-F2a area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)
8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic Acid	Plasma 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic acid concentration, calculated as 8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic acid AUC from 0-180 minutes	8-isoprostaglandin-F2a/Arachidonic acid area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)
Arachidonic Acid	Arachidonic acid concentration, calculated as Arachidonic acid AUC from 0-180 minutes	Arachidonic acid area under the curve for 3 hours (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes) (change from baseline)

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Ohio State University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Richard S Bruno, PhD, RD, Ohio State University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, de Ferranti S, Despres JP, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER 3rd, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Willey JZ, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Jan 27;131(4):e29-322. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152. Epub 2014 Dec 17. No abstract available. Erratum In: Circulation. 2015 Jun 16;131(24):e535. Circulation. 2016 Feb 23;133(8):e417.
• DECODE Study Group, the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group.. Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Feb 12;161(3):397-405. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.3.397.
• Ballard KD, Bruno RS. Protective role of dairy and its constituents on vascular function independent of blood pressure-lowering activities. Nutr Rev. 2015 Jan;73(1):36-50. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu013.
• Ballard KD, Mah E, Guo Y, Pei R, Volek JS, Bruno RS. Low-fat milk ingestion prevents postprandial hyperglycemia-mediated impairments in vascular endothelial function in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr. 2013 Oct;143(10):1602-10. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.179465. Epub 2013 Aug 21.
• McDonald JD, Mah E, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Dey P, Labyk AN, Villamena FA, Volek JS, Bruno RS. Dairy milk proteins attenuate hyperglycemia-induced impairments in vascular endothelial function in adults with prediabetes by limiting increases in glycemia and oxidative stress that reduce nitric oxide bioavailability. J Nutr Biochem. 2019 Jan;63:165-176. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.018. Epub 2018 Sep 25.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: June 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): July 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): February 1, 2018

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 24, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 24, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): June 26, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): May 14, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: May 4, 2019
• Last Verified: May 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Oxidative stress; Prediabetes; Dairy; Hyperglycemia; Glucose; Vascular function; Postprandial; Blood glucose; Milk; Vascular health
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Prediabetic State; Glucose Intolerance; Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action; Chelating Agents; Sequestering Agents; Caseins
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2015H0088