MMP-9, TIMP-9 in Lung Imaging and Functional of COVID-19

May 2, 2023 updated by: Alfian Nur Rosyid, Universitas Airlangga

Role of MMP-9, TIMP-1 as Markers of Lung Imaging and Functional Abnormality of COVID-19

This study aims to determine the role of the extracellular matrix in lung abnormalities in COVID-19 patients. Anatomical abnormalities of the lungs can be observed by the presence of abnormalities on a chest x-ray that is scored using the Brixia index. The presence of COVID-19 pneumonia can impact oxygenation disorders. It is hoped that knowing the relationship between biomarkers that affect the extracellular matrix and anatomical and functional abnormalities can open up new insights into new therapeutic opportunities. The balance of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 has been studied in relation to several lung diseases other than COVID-19.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), which has different degrees of severity, is the cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Over 97% of COVID-19 patients make a full recovery. Inflammation increases when COVID-19 severity increases. The lungs and endothelium will suffer harm when different pro-inflammatory cytokines are released. A cytokine storm is started when many immune cells produce cytokines and chemokines. The pro-inflammatory cytokine can increase angiogenesis, vascular permeability, keratin proliferation, and collagen production. Lung lesions are affected by certain disorders. In COVID-19 patients, angiogenesis, fibroblast activation, and collagen deposition all contribute to the repair of the lungs. The pathological outcome of acute or chronic interstitial pulmonary disease is lung fibrosis, characterized by abnormal collagen and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, the persistence of fibroblasts, failure of alveolar re-epithelization, and destruction of normal pulmonary architecture. The breakdown or buildup of ECM is influenced by the ratio of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP). TIMP distribution, not MMP distribution, was the primary contributor to lung fibrosis. MMP expression is increased by the production of several hormones, cytokines (IL-1, IL-6), growth factors (TGF, TNF-), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).

ECM assistance is required for the alveoli to function normally. Excessive ECM breakdown and aberrant ECM remodelling are the root causes of many respiratory conditions, including pulmonary fibrosis. ECM buildup destroys the alveolar process, particularly by impairing alveolar-capillary diffusion. On radiological images, lung abnormalities can be seen as pneumonia in the bilateral ground-glass opacity basal, which results in hypoxia. In the lower portion, bilateral abnormalities predominated. COVID-19 ARDS, hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates, and reduced lung compliance were the hallmarks of pneumonia type H. Despite the limited sensitivity, plain chest X-rays can detect lung abnormalities in COVID-19; they are inexpensive and simple. New infiltrates on chest radiographs were used to make the diagnosis of pneumonia.

Biomarkers of pulmonary interstitial abnormalities have received limited attention in the literature, including investigations on MMP and TIMP for lung abnormalities in COVID-19 patients. One of the MMP gelatinase family's more complicated forms, MMP-9, can break down ECM components. MMP-9 increases collagen and cytokine production, fibroblast migration, and TGF- stimulation. MMP-9 is among the MMPs that TIMP1 effectively inhibits. TIMP-1 binds to pro- or latent MMP-9. For ECM proteolysis to occur, MMP and TIMP must coexist in equilibrium. This study aimed to ascertain how MMP-9 and TIMP-1 affected abnormal chest X-rays, poor oxygenation, severity, and death.

Blood is taken from hospitalized COVID-19 patients to measure the serum concentrations of MMP-9 and TIMP-1. At the time of hospital admission, three reviewers assessed the severity after chest X-Rays, followed by a BRIXIA score. At the time of hospital discharge, patients were evaluated. The levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were compared to Brixia scores, oxygen consumption, severity, and death.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Actual)

78

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Indonesia
    • East Java
      • Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, 60115
        • Universitas Airlangga Hospital

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Sampling Method

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Adult hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, Indonesia, proven by positive swab RT-PCR COVID-19.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • The patient is infected with COVID-19 with positive RT-PCR Swab results
  • Age 21-70 years
  • Men or Women
  • Various degrees of severity (mild, moderate, severe, critical) and comorbidities
  • the Chest X-ray was done
  • Willing to participate in research (signing informed consent)

Exclusion Criteria:

  • The patient is TB active or has been treated for pulmonary TB
  • Patients with a history of ILD clinically
  • Patients with a history of asthma or COPD
  • Pregnant women
  • HIV/AIDS patients

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Intervention / Treatment
Non-Severe
Non-severe groups consisted of mild and moderate severity of COVID-19. Mild-degree are patients with symptoms of COVID-19 but do not require oxygen with normal X-ray images. Moderate-degree are patients with symptoms of COVID-19 that require a low oxygen flow rate with minimal pneumonia on chest X-Ray.
Diagnostic test: MMP-9 and TIMP-1
Examine level of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1
Severe
Severe groups consisted of Severe and Critical Ill of COVID-19. Severe-degree are patients that require high oxygen flow rate with diffuse lung infiltrates. Critical-Ill are COVID-19 patients that suffered shock sepsis or respiratory failure.
Diagnostic test: MMP-9 and TIMP-1
Examine level of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Anatomical abnormalities of the lungs.
Time Frame: Chest X-Ray checked 2-4 hours during admission in emergency room.
Anatomical of the lung measured by Chest X-ray abnormality, scored by Brixia Index.
Chest X-Ray checked 2-4 hours during admission in emergency room.
Functional abnormalities of the lungs.
Time Frame: Oxygen use and blood gas analysis checked 1-2 hours during admission in emergency room.
Functional of the lung measured by the oxygen used and Blood Gas Analysis.
Oxygen use and blood gas analysis checked 1-2 hours during admission in emergency room.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Severity
Time Frame: Severity measured when patient hospitalized at first time during inclusion of study (4-6 hours after admission).
Severity is the degree of severity at the time of admission to the hospital.
Severity measured when patient hospitalized at first time during inclusion of study (4-6 hours after admission).
Mortality
Time Frame: Mortality measured when patient out from hospital during the study (end of study).
Mortality is measured by the condition of being discharged from the hospital, whether dead or alive.
Mortality measured when patient out from hospital during the study (end of study).

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Universitas Airlangga

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Muhammad Amin, Prof., Airlangga University Faculty of Medicine: Universitas Airlangga Fakultas Kedokteran

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

March 15, 2021

Primary Completion (Actual)

December 24, 2021

Study Completion (Actual)

July 20, 2022

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

April 29, 2023

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

May 2, 2023

First Posted (Estimate)

May 4, 2023

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Estimate)

May 4, 2023

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

May 2, 2023

Last Verified

May 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 206/RSUA

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

UNDECIDED

IPD Plan Description

Researchers have not yet decided to share data, but they do not rule out other researchers wishing to be able to access primary research data. Other researchers can contact the principal investigator via email.

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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