Correlation of Dry Eye Disease, Problematic Smartphone Use and Sleep Quality in Adolescents and Young Adults

The goal of this observational study is to learn about the status quo and relationship of dry eye, problematic smartphone use, bedtime procrastination, and sleep in adolescents and young adults. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Is there a positive correlation between problematic smartphone use and dry eye?
• Is problematic smartphone use positively correlated with bedtime procrastination?
• Is bedtime procrastination negatively correlated with sleep quality?
• Is there a negative correlation between sleep quality and dry eye?
• Is there a negative correlation between problematic smartphone use and sleep quality?
• Is there a positive correlation between bedtime procrastination and dry eye?
• Do bedtime procrastination and sleep quality serve as mediating factors in the relationship of problematic smartphone use and dry eye? Participants will be asked to complete several questionnaires and dry eye related examinations.

Study Overview

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Conditions: Dry Eye Disease (DED)

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Estimated): 453

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Wei Xia PHD; Phone Number: +8618823359471; Email: xiaw23@mail.sysu.edu.cn
• Study Contact Backup: Name: Shuping Li Master; Phone Number: +8618826073426; Email: lishpy@163.com

Study Locations

• China
  • Guangdong
    • Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510080
      • Sun Yat-sen University
      • Contact: Wei Xia PHD; Phone Number: +8618823359471; Email: xiaw23@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

General adolescents and young adults between 14-35 years old

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adolescents and young adults aged 14 to 35 (including 14,25 years old) ;
• Agree to participate in the studies

Exclusion Criteria:

• Unable to communicate normally;
• With ocular surface diseases other than dry eye and autoimmune diseases;
• Use drugs that may cause damage to the ocular surface, such as anti glaucoma drugs, antidepressants, sex hormones, chemotherapy drugs, etc.;
• With a history of eye trauma or eye surgery;
• With a history of wearing contact lenses within the past month;
• Pregnant and lactating women

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Investigation Team; After informed consent, adolescents and young adults aged 14-35 years old (including 14,35 years old) are assessed by questionnaires and dry eye related examinations.; The main content is Investigating the relationship among dry eye disease, problematic smartphone use, bedtime procrastination, and sleep quality.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Dry eye symptoms	Ocular Surface Disease Index scale with 12-item will be used to measure dry eye symptoms. The scale uses Likert 5 comments, with a total score ranging from 0 to 100. And the total score reaching or exceeding 13 points indicates that participants exhibit symptoms of dry eye.	baseline
Problematic smartphone use	The 10-item Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version will be used to measure the problematic smartphone use. The scale uses Likert 6 comments, with a total score ranging from 10 to 60. And higher scores indicate more severe problematic smartphone use.	baseline
sleep quality	The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale is used to measure participants' sleep quality. The total score ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate lower quality of sleep.	baseline
bedtime procrastination	There are 9 items in the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, which is used to measure participants' bedtime procrastination. The scale uses 5-point scale, with a total score ranging from 9 to 45. And higher scores indicate more severe procrastination before sleep.	baseline

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Perceived level of stress	The 14-item Chinese Perceived Stress Scale will be used to measure the perceived level of stress among adolescents and young adults. The scale uses Likert 5 comments, with a total score ranging from 0 to 56. And higher scores indicate a greater pressure that individuals feel in their daily lives.	baseline
non-invasive tear film break-up time	Non-invasive tear film break-up time is measured by Oculus Keratograph 5M. A cut-off value of less than or equal to 10 s has been reported to be indicative of DED.	baseline

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Tear meniscus height	The Ocular Keratograph 5M was utilized to measure the tear meniscus height directly beneath three points: the center of the pupil, the nasal corneal limbus, and the temporal corneal limbus. The average of these three measurements was calculated to serve as the final data for tear meniscus height.	baseline
Meibomian gland loss	The degree of Meibomian gland loss was scored according to the meiboscore (Grade 0: no dropout, Grade 1: dropout of 2/3 of lid area, Grade 2: dropout of 1/3-2/3 of lid area, Grade 3: dropout of >2/3 of lid area).	baseline
Lipid layer thickness (LLT) and blinking pattern	The LLT and blinking pattern were assessed using LipiView interferometer. The LLT information included the minimum, maximum, and average for 20 seconds. The blinking pattern was obtained by determining the total blinking and partial blinking rates in 20 seconds and then calculating the partial blinking/total blinking ratio.	baseline

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Wei XIA, PhD
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Wei Xia PHD, Sun Yat-sen University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Estimated): July 20, 2025
• Primary Completion (Estimated): June 30, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): June 30, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: June 5, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 5, 2025
• First Posted (Actual): June 13, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 10, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 5, 2025
• Last Verified: July 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: sleep quality; dry eye disease; adolescents and young adults; problematic smartphone use; bedtime procrastination
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Corneal Diseases; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases; Keratoconjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis; Conjunctival Diseases; Keratitis; Eye Diseases; Dry Eye Syndromes; Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2024KYPJ090

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: Yes