Effect of Caffeinated Chewing Gum on Vertical Jump Performance in Female Volleyball Players (CAF-GUM)

Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake Via Caffeinated Gum on Vertical Jump Performance in Female Volleyball Players: A Single-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial

This study aimed to examine the acute effects of caffeine intake through caffeinated chewing gum on the vertical jump performance of professional female volleyball players. Ten athletes from the Turkish Women's Volleyball First League voluntarily participated in this single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study. Each athlete completed two test sessions: one with caffeinated gum containing 200 mg of caffeine and one with a caffeine-free placebo gum. After chewing the gum for 5 minutes, participants performed three types of vertical jump tests: squat jump, countermovement jump, and block jump. The results showed that caffeinated gum significantly improved countermovement jump height compared with the placebo, while no significant differences were observed for squat or block jumps. The findings suggest that caffeine in gum form may enhance explosive performance in sports requiring rapid power output, such as volleyball.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Athletic Performance
• Intervention / Treatment: Dietary supplement: Caffeinated chewing gum; Dietary supplement: Placebo chewing gum

Detailed Description

Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid known to improve endurance, strength, and cognitive performance. However, limited evidence exists on its acute effects in female team-sport athletes. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of acute caffeine intake via caffeinated chewing gum on vertical jump performance among professional female volleyball players. The research employed a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design.

Ten professional athletes aged 18-33 years from the Yeşilyurt Sports Club Women's A Team, competing in the Turkish Volleyball Federation Women's 1st League, were included. Participants underwent two experimental sessions: one involving caffeinated gum (CAF, 200 mg total caffeine from two 100 mg pieces) and one involving placebo gum (PLA, identical but caffeine-free), separated by a six-day washout period. The gums were chewed for 5 minutes, and jump performance tests were conducted 15 minutes later.

Vertical jump performance was evaluated using a Chronojump jump mat for three jump types: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and block jump (BJ). Each test included three attempts, with the highest score recorded for analysis. Data were analyzed with paired-sample t-tests using SPSS 27.0, with significance set at p<0.05.

The results showed that caffeine gum significantly increased CMJ height compared with the placebo (p<0.05), but no significant effects were observed for SJ or BJ performance. The findings indicate that caffeine in gum form may acutely improve explosive performance involving stretch-shortening cycle movements.

The study was approved by the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Istanbul Medipol University (Approval No: E-10840098-202.3.02-735). All participants provided informed consent prior to data collection.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 10
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey (Türkiye)
  • Bakırköy
    • Istanbul, Bakırköy, Turkey (Türkiye), 34149
      • Yeşilyurt Sports Club - Women's Volleyball Team Training Facility

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Self-identified female athletes aged 18-33 years Professional volleyball players actively competing in the Turkish Women's Volleyball First League Minimum of 3 years of competitive volleyball experience Healthy individuals without any diagnosed medical conditions Willing to abstain from caffeine-containing products for at least 24 hours before each testing session Voluntarily agreed to participate and provided written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

Known cardiovascular, metabolic, or neurological disorders Current use of medications or supplements affecting physical performance or caffeine metabolism Pregnancy or breastfeeding History of caffeine sensitivity, intolerance, or allergy Failure to comply with pre-test instructions (e.g., caffeine restriction, rest period) Musculoskeletal injuries preventing full jump performance

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Caffeinated Gum (CAF); Participants chewed two pieces of caffeinated chewing gum containing a total of 200 mg caffeine (2 × 100 mg). After chewing for 5 minutes, they performed squat jump, countermovement jump, and block jump tests.	Dietary supplement: Caffeinated chewing gum; Two pieces of caffeinated chewing gum providing 200 mg total caffeine; administered 15 minutes before performance testing.
Placebo Comparator: Placebo Gum (PLA); Participants chewed two pieces of placebo chewing gum identical in appearance and flavor but containing no caffeine. After chewing for 5 minutes, they performed the same vertical jump tests as in the caffeinated condition.	Dietary supplement: Placebo chewing gum; Two pieces of placebo chewing gum identical in appearance and flavor to the caffeinated gum but containing no caffeine; administered 15 minutes before performance testing.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Countermovement Jump Height	Change in countermovement jump (CMJ) height measured using a Chronojump contact mat following caffeine or placebo gum ingestion.	Within 15 minutes after gum administration.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Squat Jump Height	Change in squat jump (SJ) height measured using a Chronojump contact mat after caffeine or placebo gum ingestion.	Within 15 minutes after gum administration.
Block Jump Height	Change in block jump (BJ) height measured using a Chronojump contact mat after caffeine or placebo gum ingestion.	Within 15 minutes after gum administration.

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Muttalip Ayar

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): February 10, 2025
• Primary Completion (Actual): February 20, 2025
• Study Completion (Actual): May 1, 2025

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 16, 2025
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 16, 2025
• First Posted (Estimated): November 21, 2025

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): November 28, 2025
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 21, 2025
• Last Verified: November 1, 2025

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Caffeine; Sports Nutrition; Female Athletes; Caffeinated Gum; Jump Performance
• Other Study ID Numbers: E-10840098-202.3.02-735

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO
• IPD Plan Description: Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared because the dataset contains identifiable information related to a small group of professional athletes. Only summarized results are available within the published manuscript and supplementary materials upon reasonable request.

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No