Insulin Resistance and Its Association With no Reflow Phenomenon After Primary PCI in Type II Diabetic STEMI Patients.

July 14, 2026 updated by: Mohammed Ahmed Abd-Elhmied Mohammed, Assiut University
To investigate the relationship between the TyG index, coronary lesion complexity assessed by the SYNTAX score, and the development of the no-reflow phenomenon in STEMI patients with T2DM.

Study Overview

Status

Not yet recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Successful restoration of epicardial coronary artery patency in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) does not always guarantee adequate myocardial tissue perfusion or effective salvage of ischemic myocardium. In a substantial proportion of patients, microvascular dysfunction persists despite successful recanalization after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), limiting the expected clinical benefit of reperfusion therapy. This condition, known as the no-reflow phenomenon, is characterized by inadequate myocardial perfusion in the absence of angiographic evidence of mechanical vessel obstruction. No-reflow occurs in 2-60% of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and is strongly associated with adverse ventricular remodeling, malignant arrhythmias, heart failure, and increased short- and long-term mortality.

Distal embolization of thrombus and plaque debris during PCI is a major mechanism underlying microvascular obstruction and no-reflow, emphasizing the importance of identifying high-risk coronary lesions before intervention. The SYNTAX score, an angiographic tool reflecting coronary lesion complexity, has been shown to predict clinical outcomes and the occurrence of no-reflow in patients undergoing PCI. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represent a particularly vulnerable group, as they frequently exhibit more complex coronary lesions and a higher incidence of no-reflow.

Insulin resistance (IR) plays a central role in endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and atherothrombosis. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a simple and reliable surrogate of IR, has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and has recently been shown to predict the occurrence of no-reflow in STEMI patients with T2DM undergoing PCI.

Study Type

Observational

Enrollment (Estimated)

100

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Contact

Study Contact Backup

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Sampling Method

Probability Sample

Study Population

Clinical, Laboratory, Insulin Resistance, and Angiographic Assessment Eligible patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus presenting with STEMI and undergoing primary PCI were prospectively evaluated. Clinical data included age, sex, BMI, cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes duration, ischemic time, Killip class, and infarct location. Laboratory investigations included fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, CBC, serum creatinine, cardiac biomarkers, and hs-CRP. Insulin resistance was assessed using the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index: ln [fasting triglycerides × fasting plasma glucose ÷ 2]. Coronary angiography assessed the infarct-related artery, TIMI flow, thrombus grade, lesion characteristics, and SYNTAX score. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of the no-reflow phenomenon after primary PCI.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  1. Age ≥ 18 years
  2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients .
  3. Undergoing PCI for STEMI.
  4. Written informed consent obtained.

Exclusion Criteria:

  • 1. Individuals with a previous history of myocardial infarction (MI) or decompensated heart failure.

    2. Individuals with Cardiogenic shock. 3. Individuals with a history of PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). 4.Previous familial mixed dyslipidemia / Hypertriglycerideemia (Homozygous or heterozygous).

    5.Patients with significant hepatic impairment (transaminase levels ≥ 2x normal value).

    6.Patients with renal impairment (GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m²). 7.Active infection or inflammatory disease. 8.Known autoimmune disease. 9.Malignancy. 10. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients.

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort
Intervention / Treatment
Type 2 diabetic patient

Inclusion criteria:

1. Age ≥ 18 years 2.Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients . 3.Undergoing PCI for STEMI. 4.Written informed consent obtained. 2.4.5-Exclusion criteria :

  1. Individuals with a previous history of myocardial infarction (MI) or decompensated heart failure.
  2. Individuals with Cardiogenic shock.
  3. Individuals with a history of PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
  4. Previous familial mixed dyslipidemia / Hypertriglycerideemia (Homozygous or heterozygous).
  5. Patients with significant hepatic impairment (transaminase levels ≥ 2x normal value).
  6. Patients with renal impairment (GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m²).
  7. Active infection or inflammatory disease.
  8. Known autoimmune disease.
  9. Malignancy.
  10. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients.
Procedure: PCI
All eligible patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) will undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
No reflow phenomenon
Time Frame: through study completion, an average of 2 year
2. To evaluate the relationship between TyG index and the occurrence of the no-reflow phenomenon after PCI.
through study completion, an average of 2 year
SYNTAX Score (Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery Score)
Time Frame: through study completion, an average of 2 year

Assessment of the association between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and the SYNTAX score in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing primary PCI for STEMI.

Scale details:

Minimum value: 0 Maximum value: No fixed maximum (the score is unbounded and increases according to the number, complexity, and location of coronary lesions).

Interpretation: Higher SYNTAX scores indicate greater coronary artery disease complexity and worse angiographic severity.
through study completion, an average of 2 year

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
MACEs
Time Frame: through study completion, an average of 2 year
3. To assess the relationship between insulin resistance markers and in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACEs).
through study completion, an average of 2 year
Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index for predicting the no-reflow phenomenon
Time Frame: through study completion, an average of 2 year
The discriminatory performance of the TyG index for predicting the occurrence of the no-reflow phenomenon after primary PCI will be assessed by the area under the ROC curve (AUC), with the optimal cutoff value, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value reported.
through study completion, an average of 2 year

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Assiut University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Helpful Links

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Estimated)

August 1, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

August 1, 2028

Study Completion (Estimated)

August 1, 2029

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

July 11, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

July 11, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

July 15, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

July 16, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

July 14, 2026

Last Verified

July 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • noreflow in STEMI

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

YES

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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